New organs

Kegg Pipe Organ Builders, Hartville, Ohio Private Residence, Palm Springs, California

Kegg Pipe Organ Builders, 

Hartville, Ohio

Private Residence, Palm Springs, California

Traditionally, American residence organs have taken one of two roads. In the first half of the twentieth century, the Aeolian company specialized in a style of organ that was heard but not seen. The pipes were typically in fairly remote chambers, and the music was mostly intended to provide a luxurious background to some other activity around the house. Scaling and voicing could be done in a normal or even aggressive way, relying on distance to blend and mellow the final result.

In the second half of the century, with the advent of the Organ Reform movement, a residence organ became much less of an entertainment device (radio and recordings had filled that role) and more of a practice instrument. Crisp, responsive key actions were far more important than variety of color, and many an organist spent countless hours training his fingers and feet to control two eight-foot flutes while his mind’s ear heard Schnitger.

The function of the new Kegg organ for a private residence in Palm Springs, California, falls somewhere between these two. The client uses it to practice, yes. But his organ playing is something he does purely for pleasure, not a first or even second job. It is nearly impossible in these pages to find the term “unification” without the qualifier “judicious” close at hand. The Palm Springs organ goes beyond simply embracing the unit organ concept: it exploits it! Even this electric-action unit organ needs to be responsive and meticulously regulated to encourage good technique, but it also must be beautiful to listen to, musical in its own right, and visually cooperative with the guest suite whose 16′ x 24′ space it shares.

It begins with taking into account that the requirements of this organ differ significantly from a church organ of the same size. There is no congregation to lead in singing, no choir to accompany, no bride to bring down the aisle, and no Easter Sunday postlude, although all of that music will probably be played.  

The specification is built around trying to extract as many different color combinations as possible from the resources available. All eight of the ranks are quite similar in volume, so that any given pair of stops drawn from them has a reasonable chance at sounding balanced. The two flute stops in particular change construction frequently in order to emphasize different colors at different pitch ranges. They include stopped wood, capped metal, chimney flute, koppelflute, spitzflute, open and harmonic pipes. The Viola and Celeste are scaled small enough to have a definite string tone, but are voiced gently enough to beguile even a listener standing directly in front of them. The Quinte is voiced to work well with the Octave in the wired Mixture, providing a satisfying but not earsplitting top end to the ensemble. The unenclosed Principal gives a solid foundation to the rest of the organ with the shades open, but also sings a rich velvety solo line, particularly in the tenor range, when the shades are closed. Finally, the capped Flugelhorn walks the fine line of being able to simulate “full Swell” as a chorus reed, or play solo melodies against a variety of accompaniment registrations. 

Two other components are crucial to the success of this instrument: a very effective swell box, and a virtually silent, well-regulated tremulant. A great deal of care was taken in making the swell box as airtight as possible. The bottom 15 pipes of the 16′ flute are wood, and mounted horizontally behind the swell box, with their mouths speaking into it. The 16 swell shades are operated noiselessly in 32 stages by an electric shade motor.

At a small dinner party the evening the tonal finishing was completed, the client chose as his opening selection Alec Wyton’s arrangement of the Billy Strayhorn tune, “Lotus Blossom.” We did not hear an organ preparing a player for a real performance somewhere else. We heard an instrument completely content with its surroundings, happy to get out of its own way and let the beautiful music sing for itself. And that is a deeply rewarding experience for our company of organ builders.

—Fredrick Bahr

 

Kegg Pipe Organ Builders

Charles Kegg, President*

Fredrick Bahr, Tonal Director*

Philip Brown

Michael Carden

Joyce Harper*

Philip Laakso

Thomas Mierau*

Bruce Schutrum

*members, American Institute of Organbuilders

 

Kegg Pipe Organ Builders

1184 Woodland St., SW

Hartville, OH 44632

330/877-8800

[email protected]

www.keggorgan.com

Tonal Resources

1. 8′ Principal (unenclosed) 61 pipes

2. 16′ Rohrflute 85 pipes

3. 4′ Harmonic Flute GG 54 pipes

4. 8′ Viola GG 42 pipes

5. 8′ Viola Celeste TC 37 pipes

6. 4′ Octave 73 pipes

7. 11⁄3′ Quinte 49 pipes

8. 16′ Flugelhorn 85 pipes

GREAT

16′ Viola TC 4

8′ Principal 1

8′ Harmonic Flute 2 & 3

8′ Rohrflute 2

8′ Viola 4

8′ Viola Celeste 5

4′ Octave 6

4′ Harmonic Flute 3

4′ Rohrflute 2

2′ Piccolo 3 & 6

III Mixture 6 & 7

8′ Flugelhorn 8

Swell to Great 8

MIDI Ch. 1

MIDI Ch. 2

 

SWELL

8′ Rohrflute 2

8′ Viola 4

8′ Viola Celeste 5

4′ Principal 6

4′ Harmonic Flute 3

22⁄3′ Nazard 7

2′ Octave 6

2′ Flute 2 & 6

13⁄5′ Tierce 2 & 6

11⁄3′ Quinte 7

1′ Fife 2 & 6

16′ Bassoon 8

8′ Flugelhorn 8

4′ Hautbois 8

Tremulant

Swell 16, UO, 4

MIDI Ch. 3

PEDAL

16′ Bourdon 2

8′ Principal 1

8′ Flute 2

8′ Viola 4

4′ Octave 1

2′ Cantus Flute 3

16′ Bassoon 8

8′ Flugelhorn 8

4′ Hautbois 8

Great to Pedal 8

Swell to Pedal 8, 4

MIDI Ch. 4

 

Foley-Baker, Inc., 

Tolland, Connecticut

Duke University Chapel, 

Durham, North Carolina

The 1932 Aeolian at Duke University Chapel has as colorful a history as any American organ. In 1930, at a time when contracts had grown scarce, Aeolian wrested the job from Skinner, only to plagiarize the stoplist and layout of Skinner’s 1928 organ for Princeton University Chapel. By the time Aeolian installed the job, their brazen move had evolved into the bittersweet reality of a merger with Skinner. Thus, the Duke organ became Aeolian’s last statement of what a grand organ should be. After World War II, the instrument developed particular appeal through the tenure of Chapel organist Mildred Hendrix, with later chapters of near-replacement in the late 1980s, a seminal bequest toward restoration by Director of Chapel Music Benjamin Smith, renewed respect in the 1990s, and a complete renovation finished in 2009 by Foley-Baker, Inc. More than history, the tale of the Duke Aeolian reads like a screenplay.

Mike Foley recently wrote up the project in The American Organist from his company’s point of view; a forthcoming article in The Tracker will examine the organ’s historical and contemporary importance in greater detail. This piece focuses on technical and musical issues raised in the renovation, since the Duke project lies in that area between restoration (in which nothing is changed) and rebuilding (in which new and old material are given equal status toward an updated musical goal). How this project balanced respect for the original material with modern and practical concerns is important to review, and can be examined in three primary areas: musical, console, and interior.

 

Background

From 1929 to 1932, its final years of production, Aeolian’s organ department produced three heroic organs: Longwood Gardens (Op. 1726, 146 ranks, five 32′s), completed in June 1930; Westchester County Center, an auditorium in White Plains, New York (Op. 1747, 69 ranks, 32′ Bombarde), completed in late 1930; and Duke Chapel (Op. 1785, 120 ranks, three 32′s), signed in October 1930, installed in early 1932 and dedicated that June. (In 1931, Aeolian signed a fourth in this mode for the Hershey Community Theatre in Pennsylvania. The contract went to Aeolian-Skinner in the merger, and the resulting instrument, completed in 1933 under Ernest Skinner’s personal direction, was a Skinner through and through.)

High pressures, large scales, multiple reed batteries, and identical primary scaling link these Aeolians as sister efforts. The recent renovations at Duke and Longwood reveal that while Aeolian’s intentions were suitably heroic in each case, the company was still feeling its way along the finer points of how to build mechanisms and pipes to cope with the demands of high wind pressures. In turn, those details affect how these organs are renewed for their second life cycle.

 

Musical issues

At 120 ranks, the tonal disposition at Duke represented an apotheosis of the Symphonic organ, from a period in which a semblance of traditional chorus building was beginning to return to American organbuilding. The comprehensive chancel scheme was supported by an encased two-manual section in the nave, having an unenclosed chorus, Pedal 16′ Principal in the façade, and a group of enclosed softer voices.

The instrument remained in this original state only 16 years, however. Certain mechanical and musical issues brought about a campaign of work by Aeolian-Skinner in 1948, including a new remote-control combination action and crescendo pedal. Ten new string ranks were installed, probably not to provide a different type of tone as much as to correct speech deficiencies common to ranks built from Hoyt metal, as the originals were. Some sounds were changed. New Choir mutations did not precisely replicate the Aeolian originals, and the Antiphonal chorus was remodeled, using new 8′ and 4′ ranks, a revoiced chorus reed, and a de-tierced and brightened mixture. Finally, the chancel Great chorus underwent a bit of reshuffling: the 51⁄3′ Quinte became a third 4′ Principal, the III–VI Plein Jeu was returned to the factory to be loudened, and the chorus was rebalanced somewhat on site.

In 1975 the Echo-Antiphonal was removed to make way for the present Flentrop, deleting a section of the Aeolian many had found particularly effective. But much more noteworthy was the Chapel’s acoustical transformation in 1974, from one of stereotypical Akoustolith deadness to epic acoustical grandeur. This one event changed all music in Duke Chapel; certainly no one active at Aeolian or Aeolian-Skinner ever experienced Op. 1785 as we do today.

Given this history of change, it was clear that any serious renovation of the Aeolian needed to develop an ethic around the organ’s tonal content. Duke organists Robert Parkins and David Arcus spent years considering the matter, working through the issues as they considered various restorers. By the time Foley-Baker was signed on in 2007, the plan had solidified around restoration of the 1932 tonal scheme: retaining the 1948 Aeolian-Skinner replacement ranks, reversing the 1948 changes and shifts, and regulating the pipes as closely as could be reasoned to where Aeolian left them in 1932. The adoption of such a plan was not a foregone conclusion, for the Aeolian is not without its anomalies. Unison flute tone outside the Solo is atypically gentle (the Great Principal Flute, for example, is softer than the Gemshorn), and some layout details that actually aid tonal projection do not initially appear to. After careful study and consideration, however, the conclusion among organists and rebuilders was that the most musical result would be attained with a return to the 1932 scheme.

While Aeolian’s scaling and voicing was heroic in these jobs, the metal pipework and some of the heftier chorus reeds are perhaps one degree less substantial than what is asked of them. As a result, it becomes especially incumbent to examine pipes thoroughly during rehabilitation to ensure their readiness for another life-cycle. In addition to normal tub washing, numerous seams and loose languids were repaired. Pipes were re-rounded on mandrels to assure good speaking conditions, tops trimmed, and new tuning collars fit throughout. Some of the largest wood pipes had developed cracks, which were routed out, splined and repaired. Finally, Foley-Baker tonal director Milovan Popovic reviewed all flue pipes on the voicing machine. The goal here was to do anything and everything that would promote stability of speech and tone for the next several generations.

For Duke, two aspects made the flue reconditioning process more complex. Unlike working on a Skinner, where many examples exist for study, the scarcity of this breed of Aeolian can involve more interpretation than can be comfortable during a restorative process. Also, Aeolian employed Hoyt metal for many flue ranks, evidently unaware of the material’s tendency to creep over time. The syndrome mostly affects flue pipe windways, as lower lips bow out, making the tone less efficient and duller while vaguely staying on speech. Re-setting the windways is straightforward enough, but it involves a careful ear and a degree of conjecture to divine what the original voicers were after.

Broome & Co. LLC undertook reconditioning of all reed stops, having performed a similar task with the Longwood reeds, each job informing the other. That process is intensive. The pipes are fully documented before disassembly and rigorous cleaning; wood wedges are replaced with brass; every scrolled slot is cut out and replaced; and finally, the pipes are re-assembled and checked through on the voicing machine.

The final element in the organ’s musical rehabilitation was the many weeks of tonal finishing, again led by Milovan Popovic. Tremolo regulation received perhaps as much attention as tone, an area to which Mike Foley is personally devoted. Aeolian used small tremolos to wobble large reservoirs, resulting in a light, fast and almost reiterative effect that many would find unpalatable today. To produce, from these elements, an effect that organists will actually use is no small feat. Finally, after years of silence, the Chimes and Harp are heard again, the latter particularly fine in Aeolian organs, long on tone and short on action noise.

In the end, there was one stoplist change and one addition. The 15-inch wind pressure Pedal reed unit was made available in the manuals as an additional unison Trombone. And a new 25-inch-wind Festival Trumpet was added, modeled on the louder of the two fanfare Tubas on the Skinner at Yale University (the Aeolian-Skinner at Girard College in Philadelphia has a stop of similar construction). All members of the design team reflected upon a group of samples; the preferred stop was built by A.R. Schopp’s Sons and voiced by Christopher Broome. These unenclosed pipes are nestled into the right transept opening, speaking directly into the crossing as a heraldic voice.

 

Console

While the company’s earliest consoles followed the terrace-jamb form typical of the late 19th century, Aeolian evolved a trademark style in the ’teens, using horizontally tilting tablets in angled side jambs. The resulting low profile, even for large consoles, suited the residential setting (the person on the bench, operating a roll, could still engage socially). Organists often derided these consoles, since at a glance it wasn’t clear which stops were drawn. Branching out to church organs in the 1920s, Aeolian first rotated the tablets to the more usual vertical arrangement, then developed a distinctive type of drawknob console, with natty celluloid moldings around departments and large ivory stopknobs on thick ivory shanks rather than the usual ebony. Some peculiarities migrated from the residence consoles: expression shoes with little excursion, spongy key action without tracker touch, non-AGO pedalboard and clavier relationships, and placement of the Sforzando piston directly next to Great to Pedal (surprise!).

The Duke console was Aeolian’s tallest of this model: impressive as a forest of ivory, if tending to noisiness with its vacuum-action stopknob motors. As the size and fame of the Duke choir grew, the console height became a liability in the visual communication between organist and conductor. And, with the removal of the nave sections in 1975, the console contained many redundant controls.

For these and other reasons, the organists decided they would prefer to archive the original console and have a smaller one better suited to the instrument’s current configuration. Richard S. Houghten of Milan, Michigan was directly contracted for this work, along with the design and installation of solid-state control systems throughout. The new console blends dimensions and features more typical of Skinner (particularly key-touch and piston arrangement) with some of the visual design peculiar to the Aeolian original. Legally sourced ivory for keys, stopknobs, tablets, pistons, and indicator tags contribute to an ambience more of a modernized old console than a brand-new one.

 

Interior

Projects involving old organs are made easier when the instruments in question are entirely original. More challenging is an organ that has unquestionable musical merit but might not have a mechanical foundation of comparable quality. At Longwood, Aeolian’s first truly high-pressure effort (ranging from 8″ to 30″), Aeolian experienced some structural instability with their new style of pitman windchest. Unlike Skinner chests, which are formed with horizontal joist-like separators between every stop, the Aeolian pitman chest is a simple box with a solid table, four sides and an occasional vertical post. At Longwood, this proved insubstantial to the pressures employed (many were reinforced in the recent renovation); the White Plains organ shows further evidence of the same syndrome. By the time the Duke organ was built, Aeolian had already realized that stouter construction was necessary. While each chest was carefully checked for signs of stress or need for reinforcement, none was needed in the end.

Otherwise, restoring all mechanisms to a like-new standard comprises the bulk of any restorative effort. Each firm’s instruments bring particular challenges. Aeolian was atypical in being a two-finish wood shop: some things painted, others shellacked. This factor complicates renewal of the main windchests, whose solid tops are shellacked but whose sides and bottoms are painted. Most Aeolian organs have 6-stage accordion swell engines. For fancy jobs, a relay mixed and matched the six stages to produce 14 discrete increments of opening. A nice idea in theory, in practice the operation could lack smoothness, particularly in the first few stages. For Duke, Aeolian built 14-stage accordions, an elegant solution but a tougher restoration challenge. Finally, tremendous effort was put into renewing the Duke chambers and making all surfaces maximally reflective, together with a well-lit working environment for the technician. After decades of looking dank and worn, the chambers now gleam like a first-class hotel lobby.

 

Personnel

There had been talk of restoring the Duke Aeolian since 1990. Through the 1990s and 2000s, former curator Norman Ryan had rehabilitated much of the Swell, and portions of the Choir and Solo. In the push to undertake a comprehensive renovation, two gentlemen stood behind the project and saw that it got done. Duke University Organist Dr. Robert Parkins set aside earlier conceptions about style and saw that the instrument’s fabric and tone were respected. He also dealt with the many logistical issues such projects raise. Chapel Organist Dr. David Arcus, familiar with and fond of similar instruments built by Skinner (particularly that at Yale University, on which he studied with Dr. Charles Krigbaum) asked important questions, challenged assumptions, and kept music central to the discussion. His persuasive playing on the Aeolian invigorated established admirers and persuaded new ones. For Sunday worship, the two organists have developed creative means of employing both Flentrop and Aeolian in antiphonal hymn accompaniment, as well as showcasing Duke’s other organs: the meantone Brombaugh in the side Memorial Chapel, and the Richards, Fowkes in Goodson Chapel, next door at Duke Divinity School.

A project of this magnitude, accomplished on budget in 20 months, requires planning of the surest sort coupled to experience in managing complex projects. While Mike Foley plays an active role in that process, foreman Phil Carpenter’s long experience in the site management shows through every detail of the finished result. The Duke renovation takes its place in FBI’s impressive roster of high-profile work of late: Boston-area Aeolian-Skinners at Symphony Hall, The First Church of Christ, Scientist, and Trinity Church; Groton School; and in 2010, the relocated 1929 Skinner for The Memorial Church, Harvard University.

For those who admire all of Duke’s fine organs, in their excellence and variety, this renovation allows the Aeolian to shine forth with the elegance of its sisters. Better still, it is played often and well. For those who labor hard on such jobs, there is no finer outcome.

—Jonathan Ambrosino

 

Photo credit: Mark Manring

 

The Duke Aeolian was rededicated in a gala concert February 8, 2009, jointly offered by Drs. Parkins and Arcus to a capacity audience, with works of Brahms, Karg-Elert, Reger, Pierné, Franck, Gigout, Locklair, Tournemire, and Jongen. The entire recital can be seen episodically on YouTube.

 

Chancel Organ, Duke University Chapel, Durham, North Carolina

  Aeolian Organ Company, Opus 1785, 1931Р32

GREAT (wind pressures: 6″ for flues, 12″ for reeds)

32′ Quintaton (from tenor c) 61 pipes

16′ Diapason 73 pipes

partially in north façade

16′ Bourdon (Pedal, ext) 17 pipes

8′ First Diapason   73 pipes

swapped with Second in 1932

8′ Second Diapason   73 pipes

swapped with First in 1932

8′ Third Diapason   73 pipes

restored to original from Prestant 4′

8′ Gemshorn 73 pipes

8′ Principal Flute   73 pipes

8′ Doppel Flute   73 pipes

(in Choir chamber)

51⁄3′ Quint   73 pipes

restored to original from Third Diapason

4′ Octave   73 pipes

4′ Principal 73 pipes

4′ Flute   73 pipes

(in Choir chamber)

31⁄5′ Tenth   73 pipes

22⁄3′ Twelfth   61 pipes

2′ Fifteenth   61 pipes

Harmonics V 305 pipes

Plein Jeu III–VI 268 pipes

16′ Contra Tromba   73 pipes

(in Choir chamber)

8′ Trombone (Pedal)

8′ Tromba   73 pipes

(in Choir chamber)

4′ Octave Tromba   73 pipes

(in Choir chamber)

8′ Tuba Mirabilis (Solo)

8′ Festival Trumpet   61 pipes

(new, floating, 25″ wind pressure)

Great to Great 16

Great to Great 4

Great Unison Off

SWELL (wind pressures: 6″ for flues and orchestral reeds, 10″ for chorus reeds)

16′ Bourdon   73 pipes

8′ Diapason   73 pipes

8′ Geigen Diapason   73 pipes

8′ Gamba   73 pipes

8′ Gamba Celeste   73 pipes

8′ Salicional   73 pipes

8′ Voix Celeste   73 pipes

8′ Rohrflute   73 pipes

8′ Cor de nuit*   73 pipes

8′ Flauto dolce   73 pipes

8′ Flute Celeste   61 pipes

4′ Octave   73 pipes

4′ Fugara   73 pipes

4′ Flute Triangulaire*   73 pipes

22⁄3′ Nazard*   61 pipes

2′ Piccolo   61 pipes

2′ Flautino*   61 pipes

13⁄5′ Tierce*   61 pipes

Cornet V (composed of stops marked*)

Chorus Mixture V 305 pipes

16′ Posaune   73 pipes

8′ French Trumpet   73 pipes

8′ Cornopean   73 pipes

8′ Oboe   73 pipes

8′ Vox Humana   73 pipes

4′ Clarion   73 pipes

8′ Harp (in Choir box)

4′ Celesta (in Choir box)

Tremolo

Chimes

Swell to Swell 16

Swell to Swell 4

Swell Unison Off

CHOIR (wind pressure: 6″ throughout)

16′ Gamba   12 pipes

(ext Viole d’orchestre 8′)

8′ Diapason   73 pipes

8′ Viole d’orchestre   73 pipes

8′ Viole Celeste   73 pipes

8′ Concert Flute   73 pipes

8′ Quintadena (derived from stops marked*)

8′ Dulciana*   73 pipes

8′ Dulciana Celeste   73 pipes

4′ Violina   73 pipes

4′ Harmonic Flute   73 pipes

22⁄3′ Nazard*   61 pipes

2′ Piccolo   61 pipes

13⁄5′ Tierce   61 pipes

11⁄7′ Septieme   61 pipes

16′ Fagotto   73 pipes

8′ Trumpet   73 pipes

8′ Corno di bassetto   73 pipes

8′ Orchestral Oboe   73 pipes

8′ Tuba Mirabilis (Solo)

8′ Festival Trumpet

8′ Harp   49 bars

4′ Celesta (ext Harp)   12 bars

Tremolo

Chimes   25 tubes

Choir to Choir 16

Choir to Choir 4

Choir Unison Off

SOLO (wind pressures: 10″ for flues and orchestral reeds, 15″ for chorus Tubas, 25″ for Tuba mirabilis)

8′ Stentorphone   73 pipes

8′ Gamba   73 pipes

8′ Gamba Celeste   73 pipes

8′ Flauto Mirabilis   73 pipes

4′ Octave   73 pipes

4′ Orchestral Flute   73 pipes

Mixture V 305 pipes

16′ Tuba   73 pipes

8′ Tuba Mirabilis   73 pipes

8′ Tuba   73 pipes

8′ French Horn   73 pipes

8′ English Horn   73 pipes

4′ Clarion   73 pipes

Tremolo

Chimes

Solo to Solo 16

Solo to Solo 4

Solo Unison Off

PEDAL (wind pressures: 6″ for flues, 15″ for reeds)

32′ Diapason (ext Ped Diap)   12 pipes

32′ Bourdon (from Bourdon 16′; 1–12 in 

common with Diapason 32′)

16′ Diapason   32 pipes

16′ Contrabass   32 pipes

16′ Diapason (Great)

16′ Bourdon   68 pipes

16′ Gamba (Choir)

16′ Echo Lieblich (from Swell Bourdon)

102⁄3′ Quint (from Pedal Bourdon)

8′ Octave (ext Diapason) 12 pipes

8′ Principal   32 pipes

8′ Gedeckt (from Pedal Bourdon 16′)

8′ Stille Gedeckt (from Sw Bourdon 16′)

51⁄3′ Twelfth (from Pedal Bourdon 16′)

4′ Flute (from Pedal Bourdon 16′)

Harmonics V 160 pipes

32′ Bombarde (ext Ped Tbone) 12 pipes

32′ Fagotto (ext Choir)   12 pipes

16′ Trombone   32 pipes

16′ Tuba (Solo)

16′ Tromba (Great)

16′ Fagotto (Choir)

102⁄3′ Quint Trombone (from Great Contra

Tromba 16′)

8′ Trombone (ext)   12 pipes

8′ Tuba Mirabilis (Solo)

8′ Festival Trumpet

4′ Clarion (ext)   12 pipes

Chimes (Choir)

 

Couplers

Great to Pedal 8 Solo to Great 16

Swell to Pedal 8 Solo to Great 8

Choir to Pedal 8 Solo to Great 4

Solo to Pedal 8 Solo to Swell 16

Great to Pedal 4 Solo to Swell 8

Swell to Pedal 4 Solo to Swell 4

Choir to Pedal 4 Swell to Choir 16

Solo to Pedal 4 Swell to Choir 8

Pedal to Pedal 4 Swell to Choir 4

Pedal Divide Great to Choir 16

Swell to Great 16 Great to Choir 8

Swell to Great 8 Great to Choir 4

Swell to Great 4 Solo to Choir 16

Choir to Great 16 Solo to Choir 8

Choir to Great 8 Solo to Choir 4

Choir to Great 4 Pedal to Choir 8

Great and Choir Transfer

 

Balanced Expression Pedals

Choir Expression

Swell Expression

Solo Expression

Crescendo (programmable)

 

Combination Pre-sets

Standard Capture Combination System with 256 levels of memory

Manual Piston Combinations

Great: 1–8, 0 (Cancel)

Swell: 1–8, 0

Choir: 1–8, 0

Solo: 1–8, 0

Pedal: 4–8, 0

General: 1–20

General Cancel

Pedal Piston Combinations

Pedal: 1–5, 0

General: 1–16

Setter

Piston Sequencer

Memory Up and Down pistons

 

Reversibles

Manual and Pedal Pistons

Great to Pedal 8

Swell to Great 8

Choir to Pedal 8

Solo to Pedal 8

Diapason 32′

Bombarde 32′

Fagotto 32′

16′ Manual Stops Off

32′ Pedal Stops Off

All Swells to Solo Expression Pedal

Sfz mf

Sfz Tutti

 

Manual Pistons Only

Solo to Swell 8

Swell to Pedal 8

Choir to Great 8

Solo to Great 8

Swell to Choir 8

Solo to Choir 8

Great to Choir 8

All Pistons Next

Harp Sustain

 

Indicator Lights

Usher Signal

Telephone

Transposer

Pedal Divide

Sfz mf

Sfz Tutti

Crescendo

All Swells to Solo Expression Pedal

All Pistons Next

Pedal 32′ Off

Manual 16′ Off

Harp Sustain

Digital display for memory level, general piston number, and crescendo level

Dobson Pipe Organ Builders, Ltd., Lake City, Iowa, Op. 89 Sykes Chapel and Center for Faith and Values, The University of Tampa, Tampa, Florida

Dobson Pipe Organ Builders, Ltd., Lake City, Iowa, Op. 89

Sykes Chapel and Center for Faith and Values, the University of Tampa, Tampa, Florida 

Set in distinctly urban surroundings, the University of Tampa has grown tremendously since its founding in 1933. Tampa’s first institution of higher learning, the UT was founded in the former Tampa Bay Hotel, an exotic landmark with flamboyant Moorish domes and minarets set on the Hillsborough River. The rooms that once hosted Teddy Roosevelt and his Rough Riders, Sarah Bernhardt, Babe Ruth (who hit his longest home run ever—587 feet—at nearby Plant Field), Clara Barton, Stephen Crane, Mrs. Ulysses S. Grant, the Queen of England, and many other celebrities, are today’s classrooms, laboratories, public rooms, and academic and administrative offices— the heart of a 6,500-student university that now fans out in 50 buildings on 100 acres around Plant Hall.

Located a shorter distance from Plant Hall than Ruth’s record homer is Sykes Chapel and Center for Faith and Values, the latest addition to the campus. A gift of local entrepreneur John H. Sykes, the facility includes the 250-seat Main Hall and meditation and meeting rooms, as well as outdoor plazas and gardens. The Main Hall is furnished with flexible seating and serves for worship and assembly of various student religious groups at UT, as well as concerts, lectures, and ceremonial events. The space has an airiness that comes from its 65-foot arched ceiling and the flood of light entering through a skylight that runs the entire length of the building. Large side windows and a rear wall made entirely of glass add even more light. The floors are honed granite, with walls paneled in American black cherry. Fabric curtains hidden in ceiling pockets may be deployed according to the acoustical needs of a given event. The building’s HVAC system is as quiet as possible and the building is well insulated from exterior noise.

Our involvement came in 2007 through organ consultant Scott Riedel of Milwaukee. Our first meeting with university representatives took place at St. David’s Episcopal Church, Wayne, Pennsylvania, where our Op. 84 (III/47, 2007) is installed. After hearing and seeing the organ, the Tampa delegation made it clear that they intended to select us as the builder of their new instrument. A contract for the organ was signed in summer 2008; installation commenced two years later.

The visual design for Op. 89 was created especially for the unique architectural setting of the new space. It responds to the sheltering shape of the ceiling with great arcs that give the organ case a dynamic appearance. By having the tops of the organ case reflect the shape of the building’s arches, there is an immediate recognition of the dominant feature of the room, but in reverse. The space gives the sense of enclosing or enveloping, while the organ gives the sense of rising up and pushing the room open. The strong curving lines of the case tops are softened by the plane of the façade’s graceful transition from concave at either side to convex in the center. As a result, the strong curving shapes that define the tops of the case become like ribbons in the third dimension, first receding, then flowing forward around the pipes.

The organ case is made of American black cherry and stands nearly 50 feet tall; it is 21 feet wide at its greatest and just over eight feet deep. The console is placed about six feet in front of the organ case to permit two rows of singers to stand in between. The Great is located at the level of the impost, with the Swell above it. The Choir is below the Great, in the base of the case. The largest pipes of the Pedal stand behind the main case, while the Pedal upperwork shares windchest space with the Great. The façade pipes are made of burnished 90% tin and include pipes of the Great 8′ Principal (notes 1–27, at the top of the case), Great/Pedal 16′ Principal (notes 1–45, at impost level), and the Pedal 8′ Octave (9–32, mounted upside down in front of the Choir division). The 8′ Horizontal Trumpet, also made of tin, takes its commanding position in the center of the façade.

Op. 89 employs mechanical key action for the manuals and pedal upperwork; the Horizontal Trumpet and the largest pipes of the Pedal have electric action. All coupling is mechanical. The electric stop and combination action includes the usual complement of pistons and 256 memory levels. The manual divisions and Pedal upperwork are voiced on 3 inches wind pressure while the Pedal basses and solo reed are voiced on 5 inches. The organ is tuned in equal temperament.

The new building was dedicated on December 10, 2010, at which time the organ was first heard by the public. Dedication recitals in early 2011 included January 30, David Isele; February 12 and 13, Haig Mardirosian; March 12 and 13, Carole Terry; April 9 and 10, Kurt Knecht. Pictures of the construction and installation may be found at 

www.dobsonorgan.com.

 

Dobson Pipe Organ Builders

William Ayers

Abraham Batten

Kent Brown

Lynn A. Dobson

Lyndon Evans

Randy Hausman

Dean Heim

Scott Hicks

Donny Hobbs

Pat Lowry

Arthur Middleton

John Ourensma

John A. Panning

Kirk P. Russell

Robert Savage

Jim Streufert

John A. Streufert

Jon H. Thieszen

Pat Thieszen

Sally J. Winter

Dean C. Zenor

 

Dobson Pipe Organ Builders 

Op. 89, 2011 

56 ranks, 58 stops

GREAT (II)

16′ Principal 90% tin

8′ Principal 90% tin

8′ Gamba 75% tin

8′ Harmonic Flute 30% tin

8′ Chimney Flute 30% tin 

  1–12 stopped wood

4′ Octave 52% tin

4′ Spire Flute 30% tin

22⁄3′ Twelfth 52% tin

2′ Fifteenth 52% tin

13⁄5′ Seventeenth 52% tin

2′ Mixture IV 52% tin

16′ Posaune 52% tin

8′ Trumpet 52% tin

4′ Clarion 52% tin

8′ Horizontal Trumpet 90% tin 

  en chamade

Swell to Great

Choir to Great

SWELL (III, enclosed)

8′ Diapason 75% tin

8′ Bourdon wood & 30% tin

8′ Viola 75%

8′ Voix Celeste CC 75% tin

4′ Octave 75% tin

4′ Harmonic Flute 30% tin

22⁄3′ Nasard 30% tin

2′ Piccolo 30% tin

13⁄5′ Tierce 30% tin

2′ Mixture III 75% tin

16′ Bassoon 75% tin

8′ Trumpet 75% tin

8′ Oboe 75% tin

4′ Clarion 75% tin

Tremulant 

CHOIR (I, enclosed)

16′ Bourdon wood

8′ Salicional 75% tin

8′ Gemshorn 52% tin

8′ Unda Maris GG 52% tin

8′ Lieblich Gedeckt wood & 52% tin

4′ Fugara 75%

4′ Recorder        open wood & 30% tin

2′ Flageolet 30% tin

1′ Mixture II 75% tin

8′ Trumpet 52% tin

8′ Clarinet 30% tin

8′ Vox Humana 30% tin

Tremulant

8’ Horizontal Trumpet (Great)

Swell to Choir

 

PEDAL

32′ Contra Bourdon wood

16′ Open Diapason wood

16′ Principal (Great)

16′ Subbass  (ext)

16′ Bourdon (Choir)

8′ Octave 90% tin

8′ Flute (ext Open Diapason)

8′ Gedeckt (ext)

4′ Super Octave 52% tin

22⁄3 Mixture IV 52% tin

32′ Contra Trombone 

                  aluminum & 52% tin

16′ Trombone (ext)

16′ Posaune (Great)

8′ Trumpet (Great)

4′ Clarion (Great)

8′ Horizontal Trumpet (Great)

Great to Pedal

Swell to Pedal

Choir to Pedal

Bill Halsey

Bill Halsey was born in Seattle, where he studied piano and composition from an early age, and began organ lessons in his teens. While a student at the Sorbonne, he had access to the two-manual unmodified tracker-action Cavaillé-Coll organ at Saint Bernard de la Chapelle, in a northern arrondissement of Paris. This fueled his interest in historic organs, and after spending fifteen years serving in organist positions at St. John Cantius, St. Peter Claver, Church of the Assumption, and the Basilica of Our Lady of Perpetual Help, all in Brooklyn, New York, he took a permanent leave of absence to explore historic organs, first in France, and later in Italy.

 

Lviv, in westernmost Ukraine near the
 Polish border, is a city poised to become a major tourist destination. It has graceful cobblestone boulevards, with elegant 19th-century five- or six-story buildings dating from the period when it was ruled by the Austro-Hungarian empire after the last partition of Poland. The Habs-burgs allowed Ukrainian culture to flourish, thus Lviv feels much more Ukrainian than Kiev or Odessa, which were ruled by Russia for almost 200 years until the modern republic of Ukraine was formed after the breakup of the Soviet Union.  

The religious plurality of Lviv is surprising: the skyline is dominated by Orthodox onion domes, representing Christ’s crown; St. George Greek Catholic Cathedral, where W. A. Mozart’s younger son was Kapellmeister and conducted his father’s Requiem; and Roman Catholic churches like the Latin Cathedral, near the Rynek, or Market Square. A fifteenth-century synagogue, the Golden Rose, also used to stand near the Rynek, but was demolished by the Nazis. The opera house, a fine neo-classic structure built around the turn of the last century by building a concrete foundation over the city’s small river, is the focal point of the city’s grandest boulevard.

Lviv hosts many conferences and themed musical events, among which is a summer organ festival called, interestingly, Diapason. I was initially surprised to find out Lviv has organs, since Ukraine is a former Soviet republic. The working organs aren’t numerous, only four, but Lviv has an active Catholic population with a natural interest in organs and organ music. One of the animating figures of the organ festival, a 40-something dynamo named Sergei Kaliberda, speaks of a Lviv organ renaissance, and he has made the stoplists of both working and non-working organs available on his website: <http://organy.lviv.ua/>.  

I spent a day trying to keep up with Sergei as we visited the working organs, the biggest of which is a Rieger-Kloss at the organ hall, officially known as the Hall of Organ and Chamber Music, with the others being at St. Antoni Church and the Latin Cathedral, and a small organ in the musical instrument collection of the Museum of the History of Religion. The organ hall is a typical Soviet phenomenon. They were interested in organs, but not in churches, and so promoted the development of secular concert halls with organs. One of the biggest is in Kiev, where they appropriated the Roman Catholic Cathedral for this purpose. Soviet-era ballets often featured organ in the scores, and there is a Rieger-Kloss in the Ukrainian National Opera in Kiev, built especially for that purpose.

 

Hall of Organ and Chamber Music

The Rieger-Kloss in Lviv was originally a Rieger, one of the biggest organs in Ukraine, built in 1936 for the church of St. Mary Magdalene with four manuals and 67 stops. After being rebuilt in 1968 for the organ hall by Rieger-Kloss, it had three manuals and 60 stops. It features electro-pneumatic action and a combination system that I had never seen before, using what looks like colored push pins. 

The titular organist, Nadiya Velichka, kindly met us and we put the organ through its paces. It has a big German romantic sound; she egged me on to play the Widor Toccata, which didn’t really work on the organ—the reeds were not cutting enough—and she played some Bach, which worked but was not totally authentic. The Rieger-Kloss, while undeniably a good organ, suffers from the weakness of many 20th-century organs—designed to play everything, and with an enormous stoplist to allow that, it is somehow less than the sum of its parts. It would seem logical that with a big-enough stoplist one could build an organ that was a collection of different organs: a French baroque organ, a German baroque organ, a Romantic organ, all in one distributed over several manuals. 

But that somehow never works—an organ needs a certain harmony of conception to sound its best, and even sheer numbers of pipes can be self-cancelling. Some years ago I visited St. Maximin, near Marseille, and I still remember Pierre Bardon, the organist, telling me, “There’s space for more pipes in here, but then the organ wouldn’t sound as strong.”

 

Museum of the History of Religion

Our next stop was at the Latin Cathedral, near the Rynek, and then on to St. Antoni, built, like many Franciscan churches, on the road out of town, to collect alms from travelers to and from the town. On this occasion, it was not possible to hear either of these instruments. We then returned to town through the remnants of the city wall; passing through the Museum of the History of Religion, we came to a back room, where a musical instrument exhibit was being prepared. There was the largest collection of ocarinas I have ever seen, various types of violins including an 8-string violin tuned GG DD AA EE with the duplicate strings used for fauxbourdon, and in the back a large wooden case containing an anonymous organ from the 18th century, taken from the church of St. Martin. Its 70-year-old rebuilder, Vitaly Pivnov, was using a reciprocating saw and sanders to put some finishing cosmetic touches on his masterwork, originally completed in 1984. He was reticent at first, but we finally persuaded him to show off the organ, which has a pretty big sound and good variety of tone colors for an essentially small instrument, with only 11 stops.  

My visit with Sergei concluded with a hike up the High Hill to admire the incredible panorama of Lviv, with its multiple domes, and then after descending we had a wine tasting at the Massandra store, featuring the wonderful wines produced by Massandra, a winery near Yalta in the Crimea. 

 

St. Antoni

On Sunday I came back to the Latin Cathedral and St. Antoni to hear those organs. St. Antoni was not being used that day because of a wind problem; the organist had an electronic keyboard set up in the choir loft, but when he saw me and found out why I was there he turned the organ on and demonstrated a few softer stops during a spoken part of the service. Of course, from this I could form no true idea of the organ.

 

Latin Cathedral

My visit to the Latin Cathedral was more productive. The organ is an 1888 24-stop, two-manual mechanical action organ built by Slivinsky, a pupil of Aristide Cavaillé-Coll, and is upon short acquaintance my favorite Lviv organ. It is an authentic example of the French tradition, built before unwise innovations cheapened the sound of these instruments. Its layout is quite unusual for a tracker-action organ, two totally separate cases side by side and the detached console placed in front of the right case, turned at 90 degrees. The Latin Cathedral itself is a marvelous building, its Gothic interior decorated with wonderful trompe l’oeil that adds illusory structures to the tree-like Gothic columns of the interior.

Of the non-working organs, perhaps the most interesting is in the Bernardine Church. The façade is certainly monumental, and I hope funding will be found to restore this and other organs. At present, the organ hall’s Rieger-Kloss is the workhorse of the festival. The older, more authentic instruments can give a sense of place and history that is not available from newer instruments, even if they are bigger and can offer on paper all the stops needed. The most interesting organs I saw in Lviv were the Latin Cathedral instrument and the one in the Museum of the History of Religion.

 

 

Hall of Organ and Chamber Music, Lviv 

Rieger-Kloss, Op. 3375, 1968

Manual I (Hauptwerk)

16′ Diapason

16′ Bourdon

8′ Principal

8′ Hohlflöte

8′ Gemshorn

8′ Trichtergambe

4′ Oktave

4′ Rohrflöte

2′ Superoctave

22⁄3′ Kornett III–V

11⁄3′ Mixtur VI

16′ Fagott

8′ Trompete

Manual II (Positiv)

16′ Lieblichgedact

8′ Principal

8′ Quintadena

8′ Gedact

8′ Salizional

8′ Unda maris

4′ Trichterprinzipal

4′ Blockflöte

4′ Fugara

22⁄3′ Nazard

2′ Flagolet

Sesquialter II

8′ Dulzian

8′ Rohrschalmei

8′ Vox humana

Manual III (Oberwerk)

16′ Grossgedact

8′ Hornprinzipal

8′ Flute harmonique

8′ Gamba

8′ Vox coelestis

4′ Oktave

4′ Nachthorn

4′ Fugara

22⁄3′ Quinte

2′ Waldflöte

13⁄5′ Terz

11⁄3′ Spitzquinte

1′ Sifflote

11⁄3′ Mixtur V

Terzzimbel III

8′ Trompete harmonique

8′ Oboe

4′ Clairon

Pedal

16′ Principal bass

16′ Kontrabass

16′ Subbass

102⁄3′ Gross Quinte

8′ Octavbass

8′ Pommergedackt

4′ Choralbass

2′ Russischhorn

22⁄3′ Pedalmixtur VI

16′ Posaune

8′ Dulzian

8′ Trompete

4′ Klarine

 

 

Latin Cathedral, Slivinsky organ,1888

Manual I

8′ Principal

8′ Salicional

8′ Unda Maris

8′ Amabilis

4′ Flute travers

4′ Octave

4′ Flute minor

2′ Piccolo

Mixture IV

Manual II

8′ Gamba

8′ Flute major

8′ Julla

8′ Celeste

4′ Dulce

4′ Octave

4′ Flute

Pedal

16′ Subbas

16′ Violin Bas

16′ Contrabas

8′ Principal

8′ Cello

8′ Flute

 

 

Anonymous organ from St. Martin in the Museum of the History of Religion

Manual (C2Рf3)

8′ Montre

4′ Prestant

4′ Flute

2′ Doublette

8′ Cromhorne

22⁄3′ Nazard

Fourniture

Mixture III

Pedal (CРd1)

16′ Bourdon

16′ Soubasse

8′ Bombarde

 

 

St. Antoni, Stanislav Krukovski and Son (Potrkuv-Tribunalski), 1929, 17 registers

Manual I

16′ Bourdon

8′ Principal

8′ Salicional

8′ Flet harmon.

4′ Flet minor

4′ Octave

Mixture II–III

Manual II

8′ Dulcian

8′ Vox humana

8′ Gamba

8′ Flute cr. 

8′ Oboe 

4′ Amabilis

4′ Principal Violin

Pedal

16′ Subbas

8′ Principalbas

8′ Violinbas

 

Hochhalter, Inc., Salem, Oregon: First United Methodist Church, Eugene, Oregon

Hochhalter, Inc., Salem, Oregon

First United Methodist Church, Eugene, Oregon

Hochhalter, Inc. of Salem, Oregon has designed and built a low-profile console for First United Methodist Church, Eugene, Oregon. It is constructed of solid walnut, with walnut burl and wenge veneer accents. The keyboards are covered in bone and cocobolo. Drawknobs are constructed of maple, cocobolo, and ebony.

The organ is hardly all new, still containing numerous sets of pipes from the church’s original 1913 pipe organ, moved in the 1960s into a new, much larger sanctuary. Many unfortunate mechanical changes to the wind system and action were made, eventually rendering the instrument unreliable. In 1995 Hochhalter, Inc. was hired to rebuild, refurbish, replace mechanisms and pipes as necessary, and provide additions to create a tonally cohesive and mechanically reliable instrument. Finances dictated that work be done in phases over many years. Although the new console was the “final” phase, it has additional stop controls for future additions, including an Echo Organ on the west wall, additional foundational and color stops for the Swell and Choir, and two 32′ ranks of pipes, including a 32′ Contra Diapason in a new façade.

Other details regarding the organ and console, including additional photographs and audio files, are available at <A HREF="http://www.hochhalter.com">www.hochhalter.com</A&gt;. Dr. Julia Brown is music director and organist; The Rev. Debbie Pitney is pastor.

 

GREAT (unenclosed) 

16′ Double Diapason

8′ Open Diapason

8′ Geigen Diapason

8′ Harmonic Flute

8′ Hohl Flute

4′ Octave

4′ Flute

22⁄3′ Quint

2′ Fifteenth

IV Mixture

V Cornet (prepared)

16′ Contra Trumpet (prepared)

8′ Trumpet

Chimes

SWELL (expressive)    

16′ Bourdon

8′ Diapason (prepared)

8′ Chimney Flute

8′ Viola

8′ Voix Celeste (tc)

4′ Octave

4′ Harmonic Flute

22⁄3′ Nasard (harmonic)

2′ Flautino (harmonic)

13⁄5′ Tierce (tc) (harmonic)

IV Full Mixture

16′ Bassoon

8′ French Trumpet

8′ Oboe

8′ Vox Humana (prepared)

4′ Clarion

Tremulant

    

CHOIR (expressive)    

8′ Small Diapason (prepared)

8′ Stopped Diapason

8′ Traverse Flute (harmonic)

8′ Gemshorn

8′ Unda Maris (tc)

4′ Tapered Principal (prepared)

4′ Pan Flute

2′ Principal

11⁄3′ Quint

II Sesquialter  (tc)

8′ Clarinet

8′ English Horn (prepared)

Tremulant

8′ Gloria Trumpet (10″ pressure)

    

ECHO (prepared)    

8′ Principal

4′ Octave

8′ Viole *

8′ Flute *

8′ Flute Celeste *

Tremulant

8′ Gloria Trumpet

(* expressive)

    

PEDAL (unenclosed)    

32′ Contra Diapason (prepared)

16′ Open Diapason

16′ Geigen Diapason

16′ Bourdon

16′ Gedeckt

102⁄3′ Quint

8′ Octave  

8′ Geigen Octave

8′ Flute

4′ Fifteenth  

4′ Solo Flute

32′ Ophicleide (prepared)

16′ Trombone (83⁄4″ pressure)

16′ Contra Trumpet (prepared)

16′ Bassoon

8′ Trumpet

4′ Oboe

 

A. David Moore, Inc., 

North Pomfret, Vermont

All Hallows’ Parish, Davidsonville, Maryland

 

From the builder

Designing an organ for All Hallows’ Church involved some unique challenges for its builder. The small brick building dates to 1734, and was gutted by fire in 1940. Rebuilt much as it was (without the Victorian alterations), the original walls and brick floor were retained. It seems that until 2010, the parish never owned a pipe organ.

The decision to place the organ on the left side of the chancel included the requests that the casework be no taller than the altar window, that the instrument be no larger than the sacristy in the opposite corner, and that the case was to “fit” the furnishings of the room. Thus, the back and left sides of the organ are against the walls, and maintenance can be done only through the front and right side of the main case. The detached console and Positiv division are one unit, adjacent to the case front, and facing the choir on the other side of the nave. Three flats of Open Diapason and Principal basses face the congregation, and the side contains two flats of Open Diapason basses, one of which is in a door that can be opened for Great and Pedal tuning. Those offset basses are operated by a remote assisting mechanism in which a small amount of air travels down a 5/16″ diameter tube that feeds a small wedge bellows and valve below each pipe.

The Great is on a C and C# chest, with the smallest pipes in the middle. The Positiv is played from the upper keyboard; the chromatic chest is at floor level; and the pipes are tuned by removing a grille on the top of the case. The manual keys are suspended, with a backfall system that pulls up the Positiv pallets; angled trackers and a rollerboard operate the Great pallets. The Positiv stop knobs are in the console and the Great knobs project from the main case on the organist’s left. The basswood tables of the chests will not split; the sliders are of quarter-sawn maple; the slider seals are of Neoprene; there is no plywood in the organ; the wind pressure is almost two inches; and the temperament is Kirnberger III.

Though the acoustics are quite good and the sound of the organ is focused by a curved ceiling, there is a slight “flutter echo” heard by a listener in the center of the room. The maple case is of wood harvested on the Moore farm in North Pomfret, Vermont, and sawn on location by a Wood-mizer band sawmill. There are no carvings on the case, but some subtle ornamentation appears at the tops of the pipe flats. The cornice of the case was copied from the 18th-century American case in Old North Church, Boston, and the All Hallows’ sacristy cornice was changed to match it.  

In the Great, the metal pipes are 28% tin and 72% lead, with small amounts of copper, antimony, and bismuth; the metal was cast from old organ pipes. The 8′, 4′, 22⁄3′, 2′, and 13⁄5′ ranks are close to Hook pipe scales, and have fairly low cutups and moderate nicking. The Holpipe is a metal chimney flute, and has 12 stopped wood basses; a new Haskell bass serves the Viol; and the Hautboy is an exact copy of a Hook stop. The Positiv Stop’d Diapason is of wood, small in scale but with a good fundamental tone, and is copied from a Geo. S. Hutchings stop; the Flute is of stopped and open wood and has metal trebles; the Fifteenth has 24 Claribel-style open wood basses and metal trebles. The German scales for the Dulcian are a composite, and there are half-length resonators in the lowest octave. The basses have wood blocks and shallots made in one piece, and the dimensions for the shallot openings, bores, tapers, and inside resonator diameters are close to 18th-century North European practice. The use of wood for a shallot avoids the need for lead or leather facings. In terms of hardness, the wood is somewhere between lead or brass and a leathered surface, and the brass tongues are fairly wide and thick. Long tuning wires are labeled on the tops and are easily reached.

The installation of A. D. Moore’s Opus 34 was enjoyable, and there were many trips to Davidsonville for installation, final voicing, and tuning. The crew of builders—A. David Moore, Tom Bowen, John Atwood, and Lubbert Gnodde—stayed with Jan and Mike Power. Mike Menne is the organist at All Hallows’, and collaborated on the organ’s specification. Mr. Gnodde played the dedicatory recital on November 7, 2010, which included works by Alain, Bach, Sweelinck, Scheidemann, Buxtehude, Mendelssohn, Couperin, Langlais, and the “Flower Duet” from Lakmé by Léo Delibes, featuring Sharon Potts and Laurie Hays, sopranos.

—E. A. Boadway and A. David Moore

 

From the organist

All Hallows’ Parish, also known as South River Parish, is one of the original parishes established by Act of the General Assembly of the Province of Maryland in 1692. As a worshiping community, it existed as early as 1650, with its first written record that of the birth of Thomas Chaney on 1 March 1669. The original church building, now lost, was probably of timber construction, and either burned or deteriorated to the extent that a new building, at a new site, was constructed, with the aid of a levy of 20,000 pounds of tobacco, around 1727–1730. The church bell, in a separate wooden tower, bears the inscription “Belonging to St. All Hallows’ Church 1727” and was probably provided by Queen Anne’s Bounty. 

The 1727 building, still in use, is a modest brick, hipped-roof building, just under 30 by 60 feet. There are no records extant that show the original seating plan of the building, but in the 19th century a small balcony was taken down (probably originally for the use of some of the 200 slaves who had been baptized by the second rector), and at least twice remodeled in the Victorian taste of the times, with heavy dark wood furnishings, stained glass, and slip pews.

The church was nearly lost on 11 February 1940 when a disastrous fire broke out about an hour after a service, destroying everything but the brick walls. For the rebuilding, it was decided to return the building to the look and feel of the early 18th century with white walls, white box pews, and clear glass windows. 

There is no record of any pipe organ during the building’s first 280 years, so any description of musical accompaniment before the fire is purely conjectural. After the restoration, a series of electronic instruments was installed in the front of the room. When a new rector arrived in 2000, he hired his friend James Weaver, Curator of the Division of Musical Instruments at the Smithsonian and co-founder of the Smithsonian Chamber Players, to come to the parish and revive a flagging music program and small choir of willing and enthusiastic singers. During his tenure, Weaver established a high level of musical expectation but hesitated to begin a project to replace the dreary electronic. When he left to pursue other projects and I arrived, enthusiasm to begin an organ project was high and the process began.

Early on, it was determined that (1) the organ would have mechanical action, (2) it would be tonally appropriate to the age of the building, (3) it would be visually designed so as not to overwhelm the scale and balance of the architecture, and (4) the primary visual focus at the front of the room would continue to be the triple window behind the altar. The restoration of the early 1940s had created two large closets in the front corners of the building. One was used as a tiny sacristy, the other as storage and placement for the bass speaker cabinets of the organ. It was determined that the organ would be placed where the sacristy had been, and the sacristy moved to the other side. The Altar Guild was quite pleased, as they had improved facilities and more extensive storage. 

A number of organbuilders were consulted, both from the U.S. and abroad, in our search for a builder. Almost every builder proposed an instrument that would be the dominant visual focus in the room. Some of them were tonally based on no more than an 8′ flute. David Moore, recommended by St. Margaret’s Convent in Boston and United Church on the Green, New Haven, was the only one who demonstrated an enthusiasm to work within our constraints.

As the organ and case design progressed, David proposed a novel solution: place the console at right angles to the main case and put the second manual pipes in the console in the manner of a continuo. In that manner, the main case could be lowered to match the sacristy on the other side, maintaining the Georgian balance of the church interior, while providing the tonal resources we needed. It also made it possible for the organist to face the choir directly across the chancel, with excellent sight lines.

The tonal design had three major objectives: (1) to provide leadership for congregational singing, (2) to accompany a wide variety of choral music, and (3) within its modest resources, to play as wide a spectrum of organ music as possible. 

Early in the planning stages, it was determined that the foundation would be an 8′ Principal, with both an 8′ flute and string to provide solid unison tone. A full diapason chorus, including 22⁄3, would be included, but the modest size of the building made the inclusion of a mixture unnecessary. The suggestion of a Hook-style Oboe as the Great reed was inspired! We insisted on a Tierce as well, for both solo color and ensemble brilliance. Having used a continuo for a year and a half before the instrument was installed, a similar tonal scheme of 8′, 4′, and 2′ for the second manual seemed natural. David suggested a Dulcian to round out the resources of that manual, adding significantly to the color possibilities of the instrument.

The organ has proved a tremendous success. Visually, it slips effortlessly into its corner of the building. The three pipe flats of the case front echo the semi-circular arches of the tripartite east window, repeated in pipe flats on the case side. The most oft-repeated comment from parishioners was “It looks like it’s always been there!” It was decided to use the natural darker grey of lead/tin pipe metal in the display pipes rather than shiny tin to minimize visual distraction from the altar. The wood façade pipes of the 8′ flute of the second manual are painted white to match the case. Many people don’t realize they are pipes at all until they see the mouths near the floor! The use of removable slatted grilles at the top of the second manual case allows for both good tonal egress and tuning ease. 

Musically the organ has been a huge success. The modest stoplist of 13 registers, with two reeds, two mutations, and four unison flue ranks lends itself to performing a wide spectrum of music. Though much of the instrument is inspired by 19th-century American organbuilding, early music sounds extremely convincing. Bach sounds very convincing, Sweelinck variations show off varieties of tonal color, the Dulcian can sound like a Renaissance consort when used by itself but becomes a chameleon when combined with one or both of the Positiv flutes. The Hautboy functions as a ‘petit trompette’, smooth in the treble and bolder in the bass. It serves as a very attractive solo stop, but when combined with the principals, becomes bold and assertive. Add the Twelfth and Tierce and it becomes a fiery French Grand Jeu. The solid foundation tone makes the instrument an excellent vehicle for Mendelssohn, and the Viol, both alone and with the Holpipe, provides softer sounds. There is sufficient tonal variety for stirring hymn singing as well as accompaniment of Anglican choral music. 

In addition to a performance by the young Dutchman from David Moore’s shop, Lubbert Gnodde, further recitals in the inaugural series were presented by Mark Brombaugh, Bryan Mock, and myself, with repertoire ranging from late Medieval to William Albright. 

The instrument continues to serve as proof that a real pipe organ is within the realm of possibility for a small parish, and that it can provide more musical satisfaction than an electronic with a plethora of digital gadgets and twice as many stops.

—Michael Menne

 

Cover photo: Sabine Joyce

 

GREAT (I) 56 keys, CCРg3

8′ Open Diapason

8′ Holpipe

8′ Viol

4′ Principal

22⁄3′ Twelfth

2′ Fifteenth

13⁄5′ Tierce

8′ Hautboy

POSITIV (II) 56 keys, CCРg3

8′ Stop’d Diapason

4′ Flute

2′ Fifteenth

8′ Dulcian

PEDAL 30 keys, CCРg3

16′ Bourdon

 

Couplers

I–P

II–P

II–I