Nunc Dimittis

Donald Trowbridge Bryant, age 95, died on April 11. Born in Chesterville, Ohio, he began piano study at age 8, and received bachelor’s degrees in music education and composition at Capital University in Columbus, Ohio. After four years of service in the Army during World War II, he entered the Juilliard School of Music in 1946; he earned a master’s degree in piano, studied singing with Mack Harrell, and served as Harrell’s studio accompanist.

During the next 20 years, Donald Bryant served as director/pianist of the Columbus Boychoir, now known as the American Boychoir. The choir toured Japan, Italy, and South America, recorded ten albums for RCA and Columbia, and appeared many times on NBC-TV. The Columbus Boychoir was involved in such performances in New York as the official opening of Lincoln Center, the American premieres of Leonard Bernstein’s Symphony No. 3 (“Kaddish”) and Britten’s War Requiem, and numerous concerts under Arturo Toscanini.  

In 1969, Bryant moved to Michigan to become the music director of the University Musical Society (UMS) Choral Union and director of music at First Presbyterian Church in Ann Arbor. At the church, he established the annual Boar’s Head Festival and Festival Sundays, which featured larger choral works.

Bryant’s compositions included anthems and responses, and an opera, The Tower of Babel. Commissions included settings for the poems of Hungarian poet Sandor Weores and Polish-American Nobel Laureate Ciesław Miłosz; a choral work, Death’s Echo, set to poetry of W. H. Auden for performance at the 1984 Ann Arbor Summer Festival; and a Missa Brevis, premiered at First Presbyterian in 1988. In honor of his retirement as director of the Choral Union, the UMS commissioned the three-act oratorio Genesis, given its world premiere in a special tribute concert to Bryant on January 14, 1990. In 1992, the U of M’s Museum of Art commissioned him to compose a choral work on the biblical Esther, which was premiered in conjunction with an exhibit featuring the museum’s painting by Guercino of Esther before Ahasuerus. 

After his retirement from First Presbyterian Church, Bryant continued to compose: A Requiem for Our Mothers (premiered at the Chapel of the Holy Trinity at Concordia University in Ann Arbor on June 5, 1999); a set of piano miniatures, Pictures from Childhood; and several songs based on texts by his ancestor, William Cullen Bryant. He also continued to conduct a small choir that performed several times a year, and to practice piano every day, performing a recital as recently as February 27, 2014, for his friends and new acquaintances at Chelsea Retirement Community. 

Bryant was awarded an honorary doctorate by Westminster Choir College in Princeton, New Jersey; an Annie Award by the Washtenaw Council of the Arts in Ann Arbor; and was named a Paul Harris Fellow by the Rotary Club of Ann Arbor. 

Donald Trowbridge Bryant was preceded in death by his wife of 62 years, Lela Neoma Cultice Bryant. He is survived by his sister, Doris (Theodore) Bruckner; his son, Milton Travis Bryant of New York City; son and daughter-in-law, Stephen Lee Bryant and Caryl Heaton Bryant of Montclair, New Jersey; grandsons David and Andrew Bryant; and friends and former students.

James K. Hill, age 72, died on April 16 in Bay City, Michigan. He received a bachelor’s degree in music education and a master’s degree in organ performance from Central Michigan University, and a master’s degree in education from Michigan State University. He was a music and elementary teacher in the Essexville-Hampton Public Schools, and a member of the Saginaw Valley AGO chapter. Hill played organ at several regional churches, sang with the Bay Chorale, and played with the Saginaw Valley State University Collegium. 

James K. Hill is survived by his wife Rosemary, a son, a daughter, a granddaughter, a brother, a sister, a niece, and a nephew. 

Frances Kelly Holland died in Charlotte, North Carolina, on April 3; she was 92. Born in Mount Holly, North Carolina, she received a bachelor of music degree from Greensboro College in 1938. She served as organist and choir director at the First United Methodist Church, and the First Presbyterian Church, both in Mount Holly, for many years, until her retirement in 1984. Holland was an officer of the Charlotte AGO chapter for 22 years, and was certified as an organist by the Presbyterian Association of Musicians. Frances Kelly Holland is survived by her husband of 69 years, Thomas Marshall Holland, two children, five grandchildren, and six great-grandchildren. 

Ronald A. Nelson died April 18 at the age of 86. Born in Rockford, Illinois, he received a B.Mus. from St. Olaf College in Northfield, Minnesota, and an M.Mus. from the University of Wisconsin, Madison. In 1955 he became music minister at Westwood Lutheran Church in suburban Minneapolis, serving for 37 years; he directed nine choirs and a resident orchestra and founded a children’s choir school. His compositions were published by Augsburg Fortress, GIA, Santa Barbara, and Selah; he is well known as the composer of Setting 2 of the Communion Service in the Lutheran Book of Worship. Nelson received the Distinguished Alumnus Award from St. Olaf College and the F. Melius Christiansen Award from Minnesota American Choral Directors Association.

Ronald A. Nelson is survived by his wife, Betty Lou, daughter Rachel, sons Peter and Paul, and
a grandson.

Robert J. Schaffer died on May 20 at the age of 92 in Edgewood, Kentucky. Born in 1921 in St. Bernard, Ohio, he received his early education in Cincinnati. During World War II, he served in England in a U.S. Army band, which played the national anthem for Gen. Dwight D. Eisenhower during the embarkation ceremony for troops heading to fight on Normandy’s beaches. After the war, he returned to Cincinnati, serving as an organist, freelance trombonist, and pianist, while studying Gregorian chant at the Athenaeum of Ohio and earning a bachelor’s degree in music from the Cincinnati Conservatory of Music. He moved to New York and earned a master’s degree in musicology from New York University. 

In 1949 Schaffer was hired as organist by the Cathedral Basilica of the Assumption in Covington, Kentucky, beginning an association that would endure for more than sixty years. After a short break to conclude his doctoral studies, he returned in 1952, and was named director of music in 1958. In 1953, Schaffer married his wife of 55 years, Rita, former organist at Cincinnati’s Christ Church Cathedral and Church of the Redeemer. She died in 2009. Schaffer composed several Masses and other compositions, which were published by World Library Publications. He taught music in the parish elementary school, in high schools, at Villa Madonna College (later Thomas More College) in Covington, and at St. Pius X Seminary, and served as an organist for the Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra. In 1975, to celebrate the addition of the Matthias Schwab Organ to what were eventually the three organs of the basilica (the pipes and other parts were dismantled and carried two blocks from Old St. Joseph Church, which had formerly housed the instrument), Schaffer began the Cathedral Concert Series. Robert J. Schaffer is survived by his son Gregory Schaffer, daughter Rebecca Wells, and four grandchildren. 

Thomas Lassfolk Finch, 77, of Canton, New York, died of pancreatic cancer December 18, 2003. Born November 26, 1926, in Madison, Wisconsin, he graduated from Wisconsin High School in 1945. Attending the University of Wisconsin, he received a bachelor’s degree in 1947, a master’s degree in 1949, and a PhD in physics in 1954. He taught physics at Union College, Schenectady, New York, from 1955-1957, and then joined the faculty at St. Lawrence University, Canton, New York, where he taught until his retirement in 1989. He was interested in musical acoustics and did research on pipe organ acoustics with Arthur Benade at Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland, Ohio, and with Wilson Nolle at the University of Texas in Austin, Texas, publishing some of the results in the Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. Dr. Finch became interested in the pipe organ in the 1940s, studying organ performance concurrently with his study of physics. He became a member of the American Guild of Organists in 1950, remaining a member of the St. Lawrence Valley chapter until his death. From 1990 he was a dual member of the Boston chapter, doing volunteer service at the Boston AGO Library. Dr. Finch served as organist of the Unitarian-Universalist Church in Canton, New York, from 1963 to 1989. He pursued a life-long interest in historic pipe organs, serving nine years as vice-president of the Organ Historical Society. He was presented with the Society’s Distinguished Service Award in 1990, and attended 45 of the Society’s annual conventions. In 1970 he organized one of the conventions in the North Country, with Canton as the base. He also served as a committee member for the 1980 convention in Ithaca, New York, and for the 2000 convention in Boston. In recent years he and his wife took part in OHS European tours to visit organs, including France, Germany, Switzerland, Austria, the Netherlands, and most recently Sweden. He was also very interested in antique cars, and for many years was a member of the St. Lawrence chapter of the Antique Automobile Association of America. He married Frances Chilson on June 7, 1980, in the Unitarian-Universalist Church in Canton with the Rev. Max Coots officiating. Donations may be made to the Unitarian-Universalist Church, Canton, NY 13617, or to the Organ Historical Society Endowment Fund, P.O. Box 26811, Richmond, VA 23261.

Virginia R. Hebel died on January 1 in Mountain View, California. She had lived in Cupertino for 27 years, and was a dedicated area musician and choral accompanist at Los Altos High School for 20 years. Born on June 24, 1930, in Greencastle, Indiana, where her father was a professor at De Pauw University, Mrs. Hebel majored in music at De Pauw. At De Pauw she also married her college sweetheart, Chuck Hebel, her husband of nearly 51 years. A life-long church organist, Mrs. Hebel played at many local churches after moving to the Bay Area in 1976, when her husband came to Xerox’s Palo Alto Research Center. In 1983, she began a long association with the choral programs of Los Altos High School, accompanying rehearsals and performances of thousands of students. Mrs. Hebel fought a long and often difficult battle against lung cancer, during which time she maintained a demanding schedule at Los Altos High School while substituting as organist at numerous churches, and serving for two years as organist at First United Methodist Church of Palo Alto. She is survived by her husband Charles Hebel, three children and seven grandchildren.

Lloyd Pfautsch died October 3, 2003, at the age of 82. Longtime professor of sacred music and director of choral activities at Southern Methodist University, he was also a widely published and performed composer. Born in 1921 in Washington, Missouri, Pfautsch received his bachelor’s degree in 1943 from Elmhurst College in Illinois and held degrees in divinity and sacred music from Union Theological Seminary. He was ordained a minister in the Evangelical and Reformed Church, but pursued a career in music. A bass-baritone, he sang with the Robert Shaw Chorale and the NBC radio chorus, and sang the title role in Mendelssohn’s Elijah throughout the country. He taught at Illinois Wesleyan University 1948-58 and then at Southern Methodist University 1958-92. At SMU he established the school’s Master of Sacred Music program offered jointly by the Perkins School of Theology and Meadows School of Music. He conducted the Meadows Chorale, Mustang Chorale and Choral Union, and for three years was associate dean of the Meadows School and chairman of the music division. Pfautsch also founded the Dallas Civic Chorus, which he directed for 25 years. He wrote three books on choral conducting, including English Diction for the Singer. Among the many honors he received during his career are honorary doctorates from Elmhurst College, Illinois Wesleyan University, and West Virginia Wesleyan University. He was selected the Meadows Distinguished Professor in 1984 and was named professor emeritus in 1992. In addition to his wife Edith, Mr. Pfautsch is survived by a daughter and three sons. A memorial service was held on October 7, 2003 at Preston Hollow Presbyterian Church, Dallas.

Virginia French Mackie died in her sleep at home in Santa Fe, New Mexico on June 20. Born August 15, 1900, in Lancaster, Missouri, she moved in early childhood with her family to Hutchinson, Kansas.

Music was a vital part of her life from the age of three, when she began piano lessons with her mother. She began playing the organ for church before her feet could reach the pedals. By the time she graduated from high school, she had composed the Hutchinson school song, still performed to this day.

At 17 she entered Wellesley College, where she was elected to Phi Beta Kappa during her junior year, and, as a senior, won the Billings Prize for excellence in music. Conducting the orchestra was one of her many musical contributions to the school. Socially conscious, she remembered marching five miles in high heels, as a supporter of the Constitutional amendment giving women the right to vote! Following her graduation from Wellesley in 1921, Virginia entered Columbia University, where she was awarded the MM degree as one of only two women in her class.

She began her career as a junior college teacher in Kansas City, where she met David C. Mackie, a banker whom she married in 1928. The couple moved to New Haven, Connecticut, where David enrolled in the Yale School of Architecture, while Virginia commuted to Northampton to teach music at Smith College.

Summers were spent in England and France. Virginia studied with Tobias Matthay in London, and with Nadia Boulanger at Fontainebleau, where Mrs. Mackie was awarded one of only two diplomas given to women at the École de Musique.

In 1934 the Mackies returned to Kansas City. David began his architectural practice and Virginia joined the faculty of the University of Missouri at Kansas City, where she taught as a distinguished professor for 25 years. During that time she maintained an affiliation with the Yale School of Music, teaching there in 18 summer sessions.

In 1963 the Mackies moved to Tucson, Arizona, and Virginia was invited to join the faculty of the University of Arizona, where she taught for 12 years. Arizona awarded her an honorary degree in recognition of her contributions to the musical life of the community.

After David's death in 1975, Mrs. Mackie moved to New Mexico, where she was named a Living Treasure of Santa Fe in 1994. She was invited back to Kansas City to present a series of lectures and performances of works by Franz Joseph Haydn, one of her favorite composers, and to receive an honorary doctor of music degree from the University of Missouri, Kansas City in 1989, joining Count Basie as only the second musician to be so recognized by the school. Virginia Mackie continued to teach harpsichord and piano in Santa Fe well past her 100th birthday in 2000.

--Larry Palmer (Based on an obituary [22 June 2005] in The Santa Fe New Mexican)

Theatre organist Billy Nalle of Fort Myers, Florida, died on June 7. Born in Fort Myers April 24, 1921, he was a piano prodigy at age three, when he started picking out melodies, and began playing in public at age four. He graduated from Fort Myers High School in 1939, receiving the American Legion Honor Award. From 1933–39 he was pianist of the Al Linquist Jazz Orchestra of Fort Myers and perfomed solo organ work on station WINK. During these years Billy studied under Eddie Ford, organist at the Tampa Theatre, and became Eddie's assistant. Later, he performed a stint at the Florida Theatre, Jacksonville.

He studied piano and organ at the Juilliard School of Music; principal teachers were the organ and piano virtuoso Gaston Dethier and Teddy Wilson, pianist of the Benny Goodman Orchestra. During this same time, Billy had organ engagements at the Manhattan Beacon Theatre, Brooklyn Paramount, and the Waldorf-Astoria ballroom.

Nalle served in the U.S. Navy 1943–46 and during his last year of service was assigned to the U.S.N. Entertainment Unit, where he, Lawrence Welk, vocalist Bobby Beers, and noted choreographer Bob Fosse toured the Pacific Ocean military bases. During 1947 and 1948, he did postgraduate studies at The Juilliard School, and then began a 26-year career in New York City providing music for more than 200 television shows on CBS, NBC and ABC. Billy appeared on over 5,000 telecasts, an unparalleled record for an organ soloist. As well as solo appearances on major television programs such as "Kraft Theatre" and the "Downbeat Show," Billy had the distinction of appearing as an organ soloist on the "Ed Sullivan Show" the same evening that Elvis Presley appeared for the first time. Throughout his theatre organ performing career, he was featured in concerts at countless public venues throughout the country and for several national conventions of the American Theatre Organ Society.

In 1957, Billy's recording career began when RCA tapped him to record "Swingin' Pipe Organ," an LP commemorating the work of trombonist Tommy Dorsey. Nalle recorded this at the Times Square Paramount Wurlitzer with George Shearing's drummer, Ray Mosca, and it is still considered a landmark recording in theatre organ circles. Numerous commercial recordings followed on Wurlitzer organs installed at the Century II Center (Wichita), Brooklyn Paramount Theatre (aka: Long Island University), Senate Theatre (Detroit) and Auditorium Theatre (Rochester, New York). Currently, Wichita Theatre Organ is in the process of producing a series of recordings drawn from his many live concerts performed on the Wichita Wurlitzer, scheduled for release later this year.

Billy's concert career did not actually start until age 45, when he performed for a national convention of the American Guild of Organists at the Fox Theatre in Atlanta, Georgia in 1966. It was the first formal theatre organ concert in the group's history, and received a rave review in Audio magazine, the Atlanta Constitution and the New York Times. The latter newspaper featured his career in three major articles, and sometime later Billy's life was the object of a feature in the Wichitan magazine. A writer himself, Billy supplied reviews and articles to national publications, including a four-year news column in the AGO-RCCO publication, Music.

As a composer member of the American Society of Composers, Authors and Publishers (ASCAP), Billy had numerous compositions to his credit. However, he may be best remembered by church musicians and theatre organists alike with his published arrangement of Jerome Kern's "All The Things You Are" in the form of a Bach trio sonata, entitled Alles was du bist. Billy once remarked that he did better financially on the rights gleaned from this arrangement than any other single thing he ever did.

In 1975, Billy accepted the position of Artist-in-Residence at the Century II Center in Wichita, Kansas, where the 4-manual, 36-rank Wurlitzer from the Times Square Paramount Theatre had been relocated. For eleven years, he played concerts in the Wichita Pops series, made numerous recordings and continued to concertize nationally. In 1993, the American Theatre Organ Society voted him into their Hall of Fame. In 1995, Nalle ended a full-time career and returned to Fort Myers, Florida, where he lived until his death.

He always prided himself on his ever-growing list of "firsts," including the first theatre organ concert to be performed at The Church of St. John The Divine, New York City. In a relatively brief period of twenty years, Billy performed twenty-five national and international music firsts on a theatre organ.

Billy was a man of strong convictions and deep religious faith. In the years just prior to leaving Wichita, he was active in the formation of St. Joseph of Glastonbury Anglican Catholic Church, the city's first Anglican place of worship. In his tiny efficiency apartment, he managed to find space for an altar and several religious icons. In fact, his living space was much like his playing: filled to the hilt with interesting "stuff" without feeling the least bit cluttered.

He was always full of stories about the great concerts he attended while living in New York and the personalities he encountered. One of his favorites was about his friendship with organist Virgil Fox, who lived only a short distance away from his apartment. Fox had been contracted by Wichita Theatre Organ to perform a concert at Centuy II (eventually released by RCA on LP as "The Entertainer") and sought Billy's advice on how to handle the Wurlitzer, just prior to Billy's move there. Fox wanted to stick to the classics, but Billy suggested that, as an encore piece, he should choose a simple, well-known melody and improvise on it. Fox out-and-out refused. "Why not?" said the ever-inquisitive Billy. Fox leaned over the dinner table, looked Billy straight in the eye and whispered, "I'll tell you why: too hard . . . that's why!"

To the end, Billy was a complete original, always encouraging young musicians to be themselves, and not to get caught up in what was stylistically popular at the moment. He was inexhaustible as a resource. Right to the end of his career, he was a developing musician, never casting anything completely in stone. Kind, thoughtful, sensitive, highly intelligent and a fine conversationalist--all will remember Billy as the consummate southern gentleman.

Paraphrasing his first Wichita LP seems to say it all: There (was) only one Billy Nalle.

--Scott Smith

Lansing, Michigan

The Rev. William F. Parker, of Atlantic City and Philadelphia, died on April 16. Born in Philadelphia and raised in Margate, he graduated from Temple University and the Temple University Theological Seminary, and earned his Master of Divinity degree from Princeton University. An ordained Presbyterian minister, he was pastor at Lower Bank Methodist Circuit, New Jersey, Mizpah Presbyterian Church, Philadelphia, and Leeds Point Presbyterian Church. For 24 years he served as pastor at Olivet Presbyterian Church in Atlantic City. He was also an experienced organist, serving for a number of churches and synagogues in the Philadelphia area, and was organist for St. James Episcopal Church in Atlantic City and Old St. George's Methodist Church in Philadelphia.

William Parker is survived by his sister, Helen Holmes Parker. A memorial organ recital will take place on October 15 at First Presbyterian Church, Philadelphia, with Joseph Jackson as organist.

Thelma Olava Michelson died on March 3 at her home in Park Ridge, Illinois, after a long illness at the age of 96. She was a Chicago area music director, church organist and choir director most of her life. Throughout the years she was associated with Moorland Lutheran Church, Ebenezer Lutheran Church, Chicago; St. Luke's Lutheran Church, Park Ridge; St. Paul's Lutheran Church of Evanston for 21 years; and Congregation Solel of Highland Park for 14 years. She was a member of Edison Park Lutheran Church, Chicago, for over 50 years. Mrs. Michelson was born in Grand Meadow, Minnesota, in 1901, and began piano lessons at an early age. She became organist of Grand Meadow Lutheran Church while in high school and was valedictorian of her high school graduating class. She graduated cum laude from St. Olaf College in three years, and then went on to teach organ and piano there. She moved to Chicago in 1923 to become organist at Moorland Lutheran Church, where she married Harry Michelson in 1925. She earned the Master of Music degree from the American Conservatory of Music in Chicago, studying organ with Wilhelm Middleschulte, and a second Master's in organ and church music from Northwestern University. She was an active member of the AGO and the Chicago Club of Women Organists, for whom she organized the Gruenstein Competition for many years. Mrs. Michelson collaborated with another Middleschulte pupil Margrethe Hokinson on two books of choral music, Alleluia, Books I & II, published by Neil Kjos Publishing Co. She is survived by her son Rolf, one brother, two sisters, and one grandson.

Ronald Sauter, of Frank J. Sauter & Sons, died April 17 at the age of 67. For 41 years he built and repaired pipe organs at his family-owned business in Alsip, Illinois. A Chicago native, he studied French horn with Helen Kotas Hirsch of the Chicago Symphony Orchestra for five years. Like his late brother Francis, he joined his father's pipe organ business and maintained a life-long love of music. He was a member of the Southwest Symphony and DuPage Symphony orchestras. He played in the 5th Army Band and was in the National Guard Band. Survivors include his wife, five daughters, and 10 grandchildren. A funeral mass was held at St. Adrian Catholic Church in Chicago.

Fred Tulan died on March 15 in Stockton, California. A native Stocktonian, he had an international career as an organ consultant and concert artist. Born on September 5, 1930, he performed Schoenberg's unfinished Organ Sonata for the composer in 1941 at the age of 11. A 1954 graduate of the University of the Pacific, he continued his education and earned a doctorate in music. Included was six years of European study of organ in Paris and of pedal harpsichord in Heidelberg, Germany. Further organ study was with Charles Courboin at New York City's St. Patrick's Cathedral. He performed recitals in 17 countries, including such venues as Notre-Dame in Paris, Westminster Abbey and St. Paul's Cathedral in London, St. Patrick's Cathedral and the Cathedral of St. John the Divine in New York City, Washington National Cathedral, and the Mormon Tabernacle in Salt Lake City. He performed eight times at Davies Symphony Hall and several concerts at Grace Cathedral and St. Mary's Cathedral, all in San Francisco. He was engaged by the San Francisco Symphony and Davies Symphony Hall as consultant for the new Ruffatti and Noack organs. He served for six years on the executive board of the San Francisco AGO chapter, and was a member of the program committee and Chairman of the Commissioned Works committee for the 1984 AGO national convention in San Francisco. He was honored twice by the Stockton Arts Commission, in 1976 "For outstanding contributions to the cultural life of the city," and in 1985 "For lifetime career achievement." Dozens of internationally prominent organists wrote works especially for him, including such names as Guillou, Newman, Pinkham, Peeters, Cochereau, and many others. He premiered works by many noted composers, among them Shostakovich, Khachaturian, Schoenberg, and Virgil Thomson, and played private recitals for such notables as Francis Cardinal Spellman and T.S. Eliot.

Alan Dann, president of the Estey Organ Museum of Brattleboro, Vermont, died September 7 at the age of 80. Born March 29, 1934, he was educated at Harvard University; Teachers College, Columbia University; and the University of Connecticut. He moved to southern Vermont in 1998. As a church organist, he served at various times the West Dover Congregational Church, St. Mary’s in the Mountains, the Halifax Union Society, and the Marlboro Meeting House. He sang in the Brattleboro Community Chorus and the Pioneer Valley Symphony Chorus, as well as other organizations. Alan Dann is survived by his wife Dr. Deirdre Donaldson, son John, granddaughter Ruby, foster son Pedro Mendia-Landa, and brother Robert.

Stephen Paulus died October 19 at age 65, of complications from a severe stroke he suffered in 2013. Born in New Jersey, Paulus grew up in Minnesota and earned a Ph.D. in composition from the University of Minnesota, where he studied with Paul Fetler. In 1983, he became composer-in-residence at the Minnesota Orchestra. Five years later, he was appointed to the same post in Atlanta, where conductor Robert Shaw commissioned many works from Paulus.

He composed for dozens of major musical organizations, including the Minnesota Opera, the Chamber Music Society of Lincoln Center, Opera Theatre of St. Louis, the St. Louis Chamber Chorus, and the Bach Society of St. Louis. Paulus wrote five operas for OTSL, beginning with The Postman Always Rings Twice, along with choral works for the Chamber Chorus and Bach Society. The setting of the Stabat Mater Paulus wrote for the SLCC in 2008 has become a modern classic.

His more than 500 works ranged from the operatic, oratorio, and symphonic to choral hymns, including more than 12 works for solo organ. His Holocaust oratorio To Be Certain of the Dawn, with libretto by Minneapolis poet Michael Dennis Browne, was commissioned by the Basilica of St. Mary in Minneapolis. It was recorded by the Minnesota Orchestra, Minnesota Chorale, and Minnesota Boychoir in 2008. Paulus and his son Greg wrote a jazz-infused piece, Timepiece, to open the 2011 Minnesota Orchestra season. Pilgrim’s Hymn, his best-known choral work, was sung at the funerals of former presidents Ronald Reagan and Gerald Ford.

Paulus was a co-founder of the American Composers Forum in 1973, the largest composer service organization in the United States, and served as the Symphony and Concert Representative on the ASCAP Board of Directors from 1990 until his death.

Stephen Paulus is survived by his wife, Patty, and sons Greg and Andrew. A memorial service was held November 8 at House of Hope Presbyterian Church in St. Paul. 

Paul L. Reynolds died in Chattanooga, Tennessee, on September 12. Born March 4, 1930, in Newcastle, Nebraska, he graduated from Doane College in 1952, majoring in organ. In 1954 he received a Master of Sacred Music degree from Union Theological Seminary School of Sacred Music, New York City; he did study tours through the Netherlands, Germany, France, and Italy, attended the Organ Academy in Winston-Salem, North Carolina, during many summers, and studied in England at New College, Oxford, and the Royal School of Church Music, Croydon.

He served as organist-choirmaster at the Reformed Church of Metuchen, New Jersey, for two years prior to accepting a call to the First-Plymouth Congregational Church in Lincoln, Nebraska. While there he directed six choirs, established a concert series, and organized two symposia on the church and the arts.

In 1962 Reynolds was named director of music at Christ Presbyterian Church in Canton, Ohio, where he developed a concert series utilizing Oberlin Conservatory students and members of the Cleveland Orchestra. He served at the Church of the Covenant (Presbyterian) in Cleveland, Ohio, from 1970–1974, directing three choirs and presenting eleven annual concerts featuring members of the Cleveland Institute of Music. He taught choral literature courses at Case Western Reserve University and directed the University Circle Chorale. During the mid-1970s, Reynolds also served Grosse Point Memorial Church, Michigan, and Westminster Church in Dayton, Ohio. 

In 1982 Paul Reynolds was called to be organist-choirmaster for the Episcopal Church of the Ascension, Lafayette, Louisiana. In 1987 he began his tenure at St. Paul’s Episcopal Church, Chattanooga, where he served until his retirement in 2008. In 2000, in thanksgiving for his ministry, St. Paul’s established the Paul L. Reynolds Music and Theology Internship at the University of the South.

His interest in the fine arts led Reynolds to serve as a docent at the Hunter Museum of American Art and to gift several works of art to local congregations of the Episcopal Church. He was a volunteer reader for the students of Rivermont Elementary School and Little Miss Mag Early Learning Center, and a member of the American Guild of Organists, the Association of Anglican Musicians, and the Chattanooga Music Club.

Paul L. Reynolds is survived by his children, Andrew Paul Reynolds of New York City and Elizabeth Ann Neilly (Mrs. Robert) of Toronto, Ontario, Canada. 

Godwin Sadoh is currently writing his doctoral dissertation on the organ works of Fela Sowande at Louisiana State University.
An earlier version of this article was originally published in the February issue of "The Organ."

Nigeria has been blessed with very few, but seasoned organist-composers
since the arrival of Christianity around 1842. The schools and churches built
by the missionaries had a great impact on the emergence of the Nigerian
"organ school." The incentive to become professional organists and
composers was further propelled and inspired through the private lessons given
to talented Nigerian church musicians at an early age. All the musicians in
question had their formative periods at the mission schools, in church choirs,
and under organ playing apprenticeships.

The genealogy of Nigerian organist-composers is confined to
four generations from around the 1880s to the present. These are professional
organists trained at various schools of music in Great Britain and America.
Interestingly, each generation has produced only one musician: Thomas Ekundayo
Phillips (1884-1969), Fela Sowande (1905-1987), Ayo Bankole (1935-1976), and
Godwin Sadoh (1965-).

First Generation

Thomas Ekundayo Phillips is the pioneer and grandfather of the Nigerian school of
organist-composers, and he paved the way for the younger generations that were
to come after him. Born in 1884, he attended the Church Missionary Society
(CMS) Grammar School in Lagos. He received his first organ lessons from his
uncle, the Reverend Johnson, and at the age of eighteen he was appointed
organist of St. Paul's Anglican Church, Breadfruit, Lagos. Phillips served at
St. Paul's for nine years. In 1911, he proceeded to the Trinity College of
Music, London, to study piano, organ and violin. Thus, he became the second Nigerian
(after Rev. Robert Coker who studied in Germany in 1871) to study music at a
professional level. After returning from England in 1914, he was appointed
Organist and Master of the Music at Christ Church, now Cathedral Church of
Christ, Lagos (the headquarters of the Nigerian Anglican Communion). Phillips
held this position until his retirement in 1962--a total time span of
forty-eight years of outstanding accomplishments.

In 1964, Phillips was awarded an honorary Doctorate of Music
degree by the University of Nigeria, Nsukka, for his contribution to the
development of church music in Nigeria. One of Phillips' most important
achievements was his training of many prominent modern Nigerian composers such
as Fela Sowande and Ayo Bankole. These were some of the leading and prolific
composers in Africa, and they constitute the next generation of professionally
trained organists.1

Ekundayo Phillips wrote only two major works for organ solo:
Passacaglia on an African Folksong, and Variations on an African Folksong.
These pieces are based on his postulations in his book, Yoruba Music, a
treatise on the compositional style of early Nigerian church music. In the
book, Phillips demonstrated various techniques in traditional Nigerian musical
processes that could be utilized to create new forms of church music which
indigenes could easily assimilate.2 His compositional style is simple and
conservative.

Second Generation

Fela Sowande
represents the second generation of Nigerian organist-composers. He can be
regarded as the father of the Nigerian "organ school." It was he who
propelled the musical genre to an unprecedented height through his extensive
compositions and publications for the King of Instruments. Up to the time of
writing this essay, no one else has written such a great number of works for
organ in Nigeria. Interestingly, Sowande composed for other media such as
orchestra and voice, but his works for organ outnumbered the rest.
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Sowande was born at Lagos, in 1905, into a musical family.
His father, Emmanuel Sowande, was a minister of the Gospel and one of the
pioneers of church music in Nigeria. Sowande received his first lessons in
music from his father. Another influence on his early musical training was
Thomas Ekundayo Phillips. Under the tutelage of Phillips, as a chorister at the
Cathedral Church of Christ, Lagos, Sowande was exposed to European sacred music
and indigenous church music. He received private lessons in organ from Phillips
while singing in the Cathedral Choir. Sowande asserts that Phillips' organ
playing, the choir training, and the organ lessons he received had a major
impact on his aspiration of becoming an organist-composer.

At age 27, Sowande decided to become a civil engineer and
went to London to study in 1935. After six months, he changed his mind and
decided to study music. He played jazz in London nightclubs to support himself.
Sowande enrolled as an external candidate at the University of London and
received private lessons in organ from George Oldroyd and George Cunningham. He
became a Fellow of the Royal College of Organists with credit in 1943--the
highest British qualification for organ playing. He happens to be the first
Nigerian and perhaps the first African to receive the prestigious British FRCO
diploma. Sowande was awarded the Harding Prize for organ playing, the Limpus
Prize for theoretical work and the Read Prize for the highest aggregate marks
in the fellowship examination. Sowande also obtained the Bachelor of Music
degree from the University of London and became a Fellow of the Trinity College
of Music.

Sowande had a rounded musical experience in England. He was
a solo pianist in a performance of Gershwin's Rhapsody in Blue in 1936, and was
appointed organist and choir director at the West London Mission of the
Methodist Church (1945 to 1952). It was during this period that he began
composing for organ. The influence of his participation in and exposure to
church music during his formative years could be seen in the abundance of works
written for organ. His organ compositions at this time included Kyrie,
Obangiji, K'a Mura, Jesu Olugbala, Go Down Moses, Joshua Fit the Battle of
Jericho, and Yoruba Lament.3 

These pieces are based on borrowed themes from Nigeria's
Yoruba culture and African-American spirituals. Indig-enous songs are employed
in Sowande's music for three reasons: 1) as a symbol and mark of national
identity; 2) to classify the works under the umbrella of modern Nigerian art
music; and 3) to arouse the interest of Nigerian/African audiences in
performing, studying and analyzing the music. Apart from rhythm, the indigenous
songs are the elements of Nigerian culture most audible to the audiences and
performers. Hearing those songs enabled them to categorize the works as
Nigerian musical heritage.

During the war, Sowande enlisted with the Royal Air Force,
but was released at the request of the Ministry of Information to go to the
Colonial Film Unit as a Musical Adviser of the British Ministry of Information
in London. He was designated to provide background music for a series of
educational films geared towards Africa. Sowande also presented several
lectures titled West African Music and the Possibilities of its Development for
the BBC's Africa Service. He collected a substantial amount of indigenous
folksongs during this period. The songs were later to be employed in creating
large works such as African Suite and the Folk Symphony. The Folk Symphony was
commissioned by the Nigerian government in 1960 to mark the nation's
independence. Although the work was not accepted, the New York Philharmonic
Orchestra in Carnegie Hall eventually premiered it in 1962.

In 1944, Sowande was invited to conduct the BBC Symphony
Orchestra in the performance of his tone poem Africana, a work for orchestra
based on a Nigerian melody. In 1952, his African Suite for strings and a
selection of his original compositions for organ were recorded by the Decca
Records Company (London Records, U.S.) under the title "The Negro in
Sacred Idiom." Sowande received two outstanding positions on his return to
Nigeria in 1953. He was appointed as the Musical Director to the Nigerian
Broadcasting Corporation in Lagos and as honorary organist at the Cathedral
Church of Christ, Lagos.

Among his numerous awards are Member of the British Empire
(MBE) from Queen Elizabeth II for distinguished services in the cause of music
(1956); the Member of the Federal Republic of Nigeria (MFN) in 1956; the
Traditional Chieftaincy award, the "Bagbile of Lagos" in recognition
of his research in Yoruba folklore (1968); and an honorary doctorate from the
University of Ife (now Obafemi Awolowo University) in 1972. Sowande also
received partial grants from the Ford and Rockefeller Foundations.4

Sowande first came to the United States in 1957, playing
organ recitals sponsored by the U. S. Department of State. He also toured as a
guest conductor of symphony orchestras and as a guest lecturer. He later came
back to take up permanent residency in 1968. His teaching career included
tenures at the University of Ibadan in Nigeria, Howard University in
Washington, D.C., the University of Pittsburgh, and Kent State University,
Ohio. Sowande died on Friday, March 13, 1987, at a nursing home in Ravenna,
Ohio.

Sowande composed sixteen major works for organ:

K'a Mura, 1945 (Chappell, London)

Obangiji, 1955 (Chappell, London)

Kyrie, 1955 (Chappell, London)

Yoruba Lament, 1955 (Chappell,

London)

Jesu Olugbala, 1955 (Chappell,

London)

Joshua Fit de Battle of Jericho, 1955 (Chappell, London)

Go Down Moses, 1955 (Chappell,

London)

Oyigiyigi, 1958 (Ricordi, New York)

Gloria, 1958 (Ricordi, New York)

Prayer (Oba A Ba Ke), 1958 (Ricordi, New York)

Sacred Idioms of the Negro

Pastourelle

K'a mo Rokoso

Plainsong

Fantasia in D

Festival March

Sowande's sixteen pieces for organ are all based on Yoruba
Christian or folksongs from Nigeria, with the exception of Joshua Fit de Battle
of Jericho, Go Down Moses and Bury Me Eas' or Wis' (from the Sacred Idioms of
the Negro) which are based on African-American spirituals. The structures of
these pieces range from simple three-part forms to continuous development
types, fugues, and theme and variations. To create contrast in the music he
uses bicinium, tricinium, homophony, and contrapuntal textures between the
pedal and manuals. Sowande has a predilection for a continuous tonal shifting
within a work. He sometimes begins a piece in one key and ends in another, such
as Go Down Moses which begins in F and closes in D major. He uses a wide
variety of tonal resources ranging from diatonicism, pentatonality and
chromaticism. The pedal part is generally simple and sparse, but explores
extremes of range. Pedalpoints are used to tonicize specific tonal centers and
to create climax.

Third Generation

Ayo Bankole alone
represents the third generation of Nigerian organist-composers. A prolific
composer, Bankole had the makings of a genius. He had a special skill for
composition and a talent for presenting his material in an eclectic and
personal way that made him stand as a master composer and performer in his own
right. Bankole continued from where Fela Sowande left off, a generation before
him.

Ayo Bankole was born on May 17, 1935, at Jos, in the plateau
State of Nigeria. He belongs to the Yoruba ethnic group. Bankole spent the
first five years of his life with his father, the late Mr. Theophilus Abiodun
Bankole (M.B.E.), who was then organist and choirmaster at St. Luke's Church,
Jos. During those early years in Jos, Bankole began to show great promise for
music, since he was from a musical family. The composer's biography was
exclusively obtained from Afolabi Alaja-Browne's M.A. thesis.5

In 1941, Bankole came down to Lagos with his father and
began living with his grandfather, the late Mr. Akinje George, who exposed him
to various types of musical styles. In 1945, at the age of 10, Bankole went to
school at the Baptist Academy, Lagos. He played piano and through his activity
in organizing small groups to perform, he began one aspect of his life-long
contributions to music--choral conducting. Bankole was appointed as a clerical
officer at the Nigerian Broadcasting Corporation in 1954. During this period,
he came in contact with notable Nigerian musicians such as Dr. Thomas Ekundayo
Phillips and Professor Fela Sowande. Bankole had great admiration for Fela
Sowande, and a few years later he was to come under his influence both as
organist and composer.

Between 1954 and 1957, Bankole was already very active as
organist in Lagos churches. For instance, he was assistant organist at the
Cathedral Church of Christ, Lagos, under the leadership of late Ekundayo
Phillips. It was about 1956 when he began composing his first major work,
Sonata No. 2 (The Passion), for piano.

In August 1957, Bankole left Lagos on a Federal Government
Scholarship to study music at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama in
London. He was enrolled in the graduate program (GGSM), a three-year teacher's
diploma, and studied piano, composition, organ, harmony, and counterpoint. Some
of his teachers included Alan Brown (organ), Harold Dexter (organ), and Guy
Eldridge (composition). During his time at the Guildhall School of Music,
Bankole was exposed to a variety of musical styles. His works from this period
show the influence of these various styles. He experimented, progressing from
works that were tonally simple, to works in which he explored diverse
twentieth-century compositional devices as exemplified in the Three Yoruba
Songs for voice and piano (1959) and the Toccata and Fugue for organ (1960). In
spite of the intensity of the program at Guildhall, Bankole found time to sit
for and obtain a series of professional diplomas: Associate of the Royal
College of Music (piano), Licentiate of the Trinity College (piano), Licentiate
of the Royal Academy of Music (Teacher's Diploma), Associate of the Royal College
of Organists, and the Graduate of the Guildhall School of Music and Drama
(GGSM).

In addition to his activities as organist-composer, Bankole
was able to organize and train a special mixed choir, comprising fellow
students, which gave performances of his compositions, many of them in the
Yoruba language and musical idiom. Members of his choir and the audiences were
captivated by the Nigerian melodies and rhythms. This type of creative
procedure led to the synthesis of Yoruba and Western musical elements in his
works. Some of the works in this category are Sonata No. 1, Christmas (1958),
Cantata No. 1 in Yoruba, Baba Se wa l'Omo Rere (Father, make us good children)
(1959), Sonata No. 2, Passion (1959), and the variations Op. 10, No. 1 (1959),
based on a Yoruba folktune, Ise Oluwa. 

After spending four years at the Guildhall School of Music,
Bankole moved to Claire College, Cambridge University, London, where he
obtained his first degree, the Bachelor of Arts in Music, at the end of 1964.
While at Cambridge as an organ scholar (1961-64), Bankole obtained the
prestigious Fellowship of the Royal College of Organists (FRCO), thus becoming
the second and the last Nigerian to receive this British highest diploma in
organ playing.

During Bankole's stay in England, he wrote music that he
himself could perform. A tremendous amount of music was composed for piano and
organ. He also wrote some choral and orchestral works that are technically
oriented towards European performers. The works of this period include Sonata
No. 4, English Winter Birds for piano, Variations Liturgical (theme and nine
variations for piano), Three Toccatas for organ, Fugal Dance for piano, Second
Organ Symphonia (with drums, trumpets and trombones), and a number of choral
works such as Art Thou Come (1964), Little Jesus, Gentle Jesus (1964), Canon
for Christmas (1964), and Four Yoruba Songs (1964). 

After completing his bachelor's degree at Cambridge
University in 1964, Bankole received a Rockefeller Foundation Fellowship to
study ethnomusicology at the University of California, Los Angeles. Works
produced at UCLA include Ethnophony and Jona. Jona is a cantata in Yoruba for
mixed media comprising a narrator, singers, a dancer and an unusual combination
of musical instruments, including the Indian tambura.

In 1966, Ayo Bankole returned to Nigeria, and was appointed
to the post of Senior Producer in Music at the Nigerian Broadcasting
Corporation (N.B.C.). He remained in this position until 1969, when he was appointed
Lecturer in Music, School of African and Asian Studies, University of Lagos.
His job as a senior producer at the N.B.C. brought him into contact with
various Nigerian musical genres. This contact was to become useful to him both
creatively as well as in his development as a scholar. Two works were written
as a result of his experiences at this time--Fun mi Ni'beji (Give me twins),
parts 1 and 2 for unaccompanied chorus (1967), and the opera Night of Miracles
for chorus, soloists, and Nigerian instruments (1969).

While at the radio station, Bankole had a series of
programs, which he designed to educate the Nigerian public and to present
indigenous African music to the world at large. Some of his works were
performed and recorded under a project initiated by Fela Sowande and jointly
sponsored by the Federal Ministry of Information, Lagos, and the Nigerian
Broadcasting Corporation. Some of the works from this period are Ore Ofe (The
Grace) for unaccompanied chorus (1967) and Adura fun Alafia (Prayer for Peace)
for voice and piano (1969).

In 1969, he was appointed  Lecturer in Music at the University of Lagos, where he
continued his research into Nigerian indigenous music and presented scholarly
papers. From 1970 onwards, as a result of his research efforts, Bankole began
to employ more traditional materials in his compositions. A work which marks
the beginning of this phase is the Cantata No. 4, Festac, completed in 1974 and
scored for soloists, chorus, organ and orchestral accompaniment consisting of woodwinds,
brass, and some Nigerian traditional instruments. Ona Ara is scored for
soloists, chorus, organ, and Yoruba musical instruments.

Between 1971 and 1974, Bankole spent a lot of time on
special assignments, both within and outside Nigeria. For instance, he was
External Examiner to the University of Nigeria, Nsukka, in 1971. Between 1971
and 1972, he was Visiting Lecturer at Ohio State University. In 1973, he
received a Federal Government Commission to compose the anthem for the Second
All-African Games. Between July and August 1974, he was director of a music
seminar, organized by the Rivers State Center for Arts and Culture, and in
April 1974, he was Nigerian Composer-Elect to the Fifth Congress of Soviet
Composers, held in Moscow.

From 1974, Bankole began studying diverse musical practices
of the various ethnic groups in Nigeria. The result of these studies gave birth
to three major projects: 1) Dictionary of Musical Instruments of Nigeria; 2)
The Music of the Rivers' People of Nigeria; and 3) a special study of the Edo
musical instruments.

At the University of Lagos, Bankole combined the roles of
music educator, composer, performer and musicologist. As a music educator, he
was especially concerned with promoting the cause of music at the grassroots. He
achieved this by training young talents, teaching them to read music and also
giving voice and piano lessons. Furthermore, he organized and trained several
choral groups. He composed regularly for these groups and exposed them to
various indigenous and foreign musical works. Among the groups he founded and
trained were The Choir of Angels, comprising students from three secondary
schools in the Lagos area; The Lagos University Musical Society; The Nigerian
National Musico-Cultural Society; and The Choir of the Healing Cross.

Although Bankole contributed immensely to the development of
modern art music in Nigeria, he did not live long to witness the fruits of his
efforts. For on November 6, 1976, at the age of forty-one, Ayo Bankole and his
wife, Toro Bankole, were killed in very tragic circumstances. Today he is still
greatly admired by Nigerian musicians for his magnificent contributions to
Nigerian music as a composer, music teacher, musicologist, organist, pianist,
conductor, and choral director--an extremely gifted man who was not able to
develop his God-given gifts to full potential. Bankole composed five major
works for organ solo:

Toccata and Fugue (1960), published by the University of Ife
Press, Ile-Ife, 1978

Three Toccatas, published under Operation Music One, 1967

Fugue, published under Operation Music One, 1967

Organ Symphonia Nos. 1 & 2, for organ, drums, trumpet
and trombone, unpublished, 1961-64

Fantasia (1961-64), unpublished.

Fourth Generation

Godwin Sadoh
represents the fourth and present generation of Nigerian organist-composers.
Interestingly, like his predecessors, he is the only one in this category, and
his musical training, contribution, experience and expertise are eclectic and
extremely diverse. He is a Nigerian ethnomusicologist, African musicologist,
teacher, composer, pianist, scholar, organist/choir director and an ordained
minister of the Gospel.

Sadoh was born on March 28, 1965, at Lagos, Nigeria, to a
middle-class family. Unlike his predecessors, he was not fortunate to have musicians
in his family. The only musical exposure he had during childhood was the
rendition of folksongs by his late mother and older sisters. His mother
enrolled him in one of the local church choirs, St. Paul's Anglican Church,
Idi-Oro, Lagos, in 1979. It was at this choir that Sadoh was first introduced
to European church music. 

Sadoh attended Eko Boys' High School, Lagos, from 1977 to
1982, where he received private lessons in music theory and piano from Mr.
Ebenezer Omole, the school's music teacher. Omole quickly noticed Sadoh's
talents and interests in music and got him appointed as one of his assistants
in conducting and accompanying the school's choir at the piano. It was Omole
who prepared him for the theory examinations of the Associated Board of the
Royal Schools of Music, London. When Omole was transferred to another
institution, the school's principal and the teaching staff unanimously
appointed Sadoh to the position of organist and choir director of Eko Boys'
High School in 1981 at the age of sixteen. During his tenure, he coordinated
musical activities for the school and directed a Festival of Nine Lessons and
Carols in December, 1981.

In 1980, Sadoh joined the renowned Cathedral Church of
Christ Choir, Lagos, to sing tenor under the leadership of Mr. Obayomi Phillips
(son and successor of Thomas Ekundayo Phillips), who was then the organist and
master of the music. Worthy of mention is the fact that all the Nigerian
organist-composers passed through the Cathedral Church of Christ, Lagos, and
were directly or indirectly trained by Ekundayo Phillips. Obayomi Phillips, who
gave Sadoh private organ lessons, was trained by his father, Ekundayo Phillips.
Obayomi Phillips took keen interest in Sadoh's talents and dedication to
advance his skills and aptitudes in music. Phillips soon appointed Sadoh as the
assisting organist to accompany the choir practices on Tuesdays and Thursdays
and to play for the 7:15 am communion services on Sundays. Phillips also gave
Sadoh private lessons in piano, organ and general musicianship (aural skills),
and he prepared Sadoh for all the piano examinations of the Associated Board of
the Royal Schools of Music, London, from grade 3 through grade 7.
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During his fourteen years at the Cathedral Church, Sadoh was
privileged to meet prominent Nigerian trained musicians such as Yinka Sowande,
substitute organist at Cathedral Church and brother of Fela Sowande; Mrs. Tolu
Obajimi, a graduate of the Guildhall School of Music, London, and music
teacher; Kehinde Okusanya, a concert pianist and Director of the Music
Department of Nigerian Broadcasting Corporation, Lagos; Professor Lazarus
Ekwueme, a Nigerian musicologist, singer, choral conductor, and Professor of
Music at the Department of Music, University of Lagos; Kayode Oni, a graduate
of Trinity College of Music, London, and one of the notable concert organists
in Lagos; and Christopher Oyesiku, a bass singer and choral conductor. Obayomi
Phillips gave Sadoh a personal scholarship from his own purse to study music at
the University of Ife (now Obafemi Awolowo University) from 1984 to 1988.
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Between 1982 and 1984, Sadoh founded and directed several
choral groups in Lagos. He accompanied and directed most of the groups by
himself at rehearsals and concerts. It was during this period that Sadoh
discovered his gifts in composition. Among his creative works at this early
stage are Oluwa Gbo Adura Mi (Lord Hear My Prayer) for tenor and piano, Oluwa
mi (My Lord) for two voices and piano, Ale ti le (Night has Fallen) for
baritone and piano, Gbo Ohun Awon Angeli (Hear the Voices of Angels) for SATB
and piano, and several other works. He wrote mainly vocal music during this
period.

In 1984, Sadoh was accepted to the Obafemi Awolowo
University, Ile-Ife, to study piano performance and composition. Between 1985
and 1986, he was appointed as the director of the Unife Joint Christian Mission
Choir (over 250 voices). He was formally introduced to traditional African
music at the Obafemi Awolowo University. It was there that he became more
conscious of his existence as an African musician and the component elements of
the music. Sadoh's interest in African music was invigorated through his
exposure to diverse musical cultures of the world. He took courses such as
music in African culture, survey of world music, black music in the Americas,
music in the Middle East and India. As time went on he acquired deeper
theoretical knowledge of African music. Sadoh's musical studies at Ile-Ife
paved the way for his growing interest in incorporating indigenous Nigerian
elements and the creative procedures in his musical compositions. Hence, he
began to employ distinct Nigerian rhythmic patterns, harmony, tonal
organization, and scale systems in his works. Sadoh's creative output during
this period includes Memoirs of Childhood for piano, Moonlight Dances for
piano, Akoi Wata Geri for SATB and piano, and Akoi Wata Geri for tenor and
piano. Sadoh completed his Bachelor of Arts degree with a Second Class
Upper-Division in 1988. He was retained to teach in the same Department of
Music from 1988 to 1994 as a result of his diligence and academic excellence.
While teaching at the Obafemi Awolowo University, he founded and directed two
major choral groups, the Ile-Ife Choral Society and the Ile-Ife Junior Choral
Society. With these two groups, he directed several public concerts of choral,
vocal solos, and instrumental music within and outside Ile-Ife. Sadoh also
played piano solo recitals on the university campus and other regions in
Nigeria.

In 1994, Sadoh was accepted to the graduate program in
ethnomusicology and African music at the University of Pittsburgh where he
obtained an M.A. degree in 1998. As a teaching assistant at the institution, he
taught several courses including world music, class voice, and class piano. During
this period, he was apointed as a guest/visiting lecturer at GoldenWest
College, California, in 1995, and at Thiel College from 1995 to 1998. Sadoh
studied organ with Dr. Robert Sutherland Lord at the University of Pittsburgh
for three years. While in Pittsburgh, he also served as organist and choir
director at St.  Stephen's
Episcopal Church, Wilkinsburg, from 1996 to 1998.

Sadoh continued his musical training in organ performance
and church music at the University of Nebraska-Lincoln from 1998 to 2000. His
teachers were Dr. George Ritchie and Dr. Quentin Faulkner. Sadoh was often
called upon to present several guest lectures on African and world music at the
School of Music, University of Nebraska. In fact, he created the curriculum of
the African music program and taught the course from 1998 to 2000. During his
two-year sojourn in Nebraska, he served as organist at Christ Lutheran Church,
Grace Lutheran Church, and as associate director of music ministries at the
First United Methodist Church. Sadoh obtained the M.Mus. degree in May of 2000
after playing two Master's organ recitals in one academic year--November 1999
and April 2000. He published his first scholarly article "Music at the
Anglican Youth Fellowship: An Intercultural Experience" in the HYMN
journal, in January 2001. This was a paper he wrote for twentieth-century
church music class, and it was Dr. Faulkner, the instructor, who encouraged him
to get the paper published.

In 2000, Sadoh was accepted to the Doctor of Musical Arts
degree program in organ performance and composition at the Louisiana State
University, Baton Rouge. With this admission, he became the first African to
study organ at doctoral level. He has been studying with Dr. Herndon Spillman
(organ) and Dr. Dinos Constantinides (composition). At LSU, he wrote mostly
instrumental and chamber works at the instigation of his composition teacher.
His major works at this time include Three Dances for piano, Three Pieces for
flute solo, Illusion for violin and piano, Potpourri for trombone, flute, oboe,
clarinet in B-flat, and string quartet, A Folk Dance for percussion ensemble of
four players, Yoruba Wedding Dance for brass quintet, Badagry for woodwind
quartet, A Suite of Nigerian Folksongs for string quartet, Tribute to Homeland
for chamber orchestra, Harmattan Overture for symphony orchestra and Nigerian
instruments, Summer Evening at Ile-Ife for wind quintet, and Three Wedding
Songs for soprano and piano. Sadoh wrote his first major works for organ in the
summer of 2002: 1) Folk Dance, 2) Ore Ofe Jesu, and 3) Nigerian Toccata.
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The Folk Dance was composed on August 13, 2002. The thematic
material was derived from a Nigerian folksong "Owo o, Omo o, ma m'omo se
ire" (money and children are both desired and I will embrace both and revere
them). It is divided into three sections. The first introduces the main theme
on the Great with an ostinato in the Pedal. The second section is the
development of the theme in D-flat, while the third section returns back to the
home key (F) and ushers in the principal theme triumphantly in the Pedal with
full organ. Nigerian Toccata was influenced by nineteenth and twentieth-century
French toccatas. Composed on August 14, 2002, it is a virtuoso piece that calls
for all the resources of the organ from the smallest pianissimo to the loudest
fortissimo. The four thematic materials are original. Structurally, it is in a
quasi-sonata allegro form without a development. The harmonic framework and
sonority are purely modern. The work is characterized by diatonicism,
chromaticism, pentatonicism and sequences. Ore Ofe Jesu (The grace of Jesus)
was composed on August 15, 2002. It is a quiet and meditative piece most
suitable for offertory, communion or any other contemplative aspect of a divine
service, and is in three sections. It opens with a prelude in duple meter and
moves into the second section in triple meter. This section is based on a
Yoruba church hymn "Idahun re l'a nreti" (We are waiting to receive
your answer). It closes quietly with the first four measures of the prelude.
These three pieces were published by Wayne Leupold Editions in April 2003 as
one major work titled Nigerian Suite No. 1 for organ solo.

In 2002, Sadoh wrote and published two articles: "A
Centennial Epitome of the Organs at the Cathedral Church of Christ, Lagos,
Nigeria," published in The Organ (London), and "The Creative Process
in Nigerian Hymn-Based Compositions," published in The Diapason (August,
pp. 15-17). Several scholarly articles by him are to be published in 2003.
"Creativity and Dance in Joshua Uzoigwe's Music," will be published
in ComposerUSA, "Organ Building in Nigeria" and "A History of
South Africa's Organ Builders" will be published in the Organ
Encyclopedia. In May 2003, Sadoh was nominated by members of the faculty at LSU
for membership in the Beta Lambda Chapter of Pi Kappa Lambda, for his academic
and musical accomplishments.

It is interesting to note that an organist-composer is born
in Nigeria every thirty years. Sowande was born in 1905, Bankole in 1935 and
Sadoh in 1965. Hypothetically, the composer-organist for the fifth generation
must have been born in 1995 somewhere in Nigeria.

Others

The following are organists only.

Kayode Oni studied
organ at the Trinity College of Music in London. He came back to Nigeria in the
1970s and was subsequently appointed Honorary Organist at the Cathedral Church
of Christ, Lagos. He was also organist and choir director in several Anglican
churches in Ogun and Lagos States. He taught several budding organists in
Lagos, including Deji Osun.

Deji Osun studied
organ privately with Kayode Oni for several years in Lagos. He sat for the
theory, piano, and organ examinations of the Associated Board of the Royal
Schools of Music, London, while studying with Kayode Oni. He served as organist
in various churches in Lagos and Ogun States before leaving for the Trinity
College of Music, London, to continue his studies in organ in early 1980s. He
has completed his training and currently resides in England.

Merriman Johnson was
the organist at the Tinubu Methodist Church, Lagos, for several years. He went
to study organ in one of the British schools of music in the early 1980s. He
has finished his training and is currently residing in England.