A new four-manual pipe organ in seven weeks: Möller Opus 6373 at Chicago’s Carl Schurz High School

Donald R. Traser

Donald R. Traser is the author of The Organ in Richmond (reviewed in The Diapason, December 2002). Organist and/or choirmaster of several Richmond-area churches since 1970, he has served as organist/choirmaster at Second Presbyterian Church, Petersburg, Virginia, since 2009, and is a past dean of the Richmond, Virginia AGO chapter. He is the author of the article, “Austin Lovelace, March 19, 1919–April 25, 2010: A Remembrance,” published in the October 2010 issue of The Diapason. Traser played the carillon for 27 years. He has written four books and numerous articles on such topics as hymnology (life member of The Hymn Society), trains, travel, organs, and stained glass. He is currently working on a book about stained glass in Richmond.

The Richmond Chapter of the AGO gathered on the morning of November 19, 2011 to observe the centennial of a Kimball organ of three manuals and 29 ranks. The chapter was joined by church members who heard a talk by this writer, as well as musical selections by a past organist, the current organist, and a chapter scholarship student.

Leigh Street Baptist Church is one of only a handful of Richmond’s legion of 19th-century churches to be both in its original location and original building. This landmark Greek Revival temple was designed by Philadelphia architect Samuel Sloan. The ground-floor basement was opened in 1853, though the church was not formally organized until 1854, and the upstairs main auditorium in 1857.

In an era when many of us lament the seemingly increasing number of churches that are abandoning their organs for other instruments, it may be interesting to note that this church stood for 25 years before it ever had an organ. Only a melodeon was in use when the church was completed, and what was considered appropriate in the way of music may seem very different to us.

After moving up from the basement when the main auditorium was completed, there was a group that insisted on forming itself into a choir and occupying seats in the gallery and from that elevation, leading the singing. After much discussion a vote was taken, resulting in the church asking those leading the singing to move to the main floor and occupy seats directly in front of the minister. The gallery element, however, kept up its agitation and when later after considerable discussion a vote was taken, the result was in its favor; accordingly, they moved back to the gallery, taking the melodeon with them.

In 1860 the minister brought to the church the following points for decision:

1. Does the church desire that the melodeon be used in the church music?

2. Does the church desire those who lead the singing to sit near the instrument?

3. Where does the church desire the leaders of the singing to sit?

4. Will the members of the church use their influence and do what they can to promote singing among the congregation?

5. Is the church in favor of having the congregation rise while singing the second hymn, which is given out from the pulpit?

The gallery element continued to lead the singing from on high, but in 1868 when it was proposed that $20 be appropriated to purchase books for the choir, at least one opponent expressed his opposition:

I, the undersigned, solemnly protest against the action of the church at the last meeting in appropriating funds to buy books for the choir, thus forcing members of this church who conscientiously believe a gallery choir to be an incubus on any church, to contribute to the support of a thing which they consider an evil, nothing but an evil, and that continually.¹ 

 

The good brother was voted down, yet he continued to be a faithful supporter of the church, despite his opposition to choirs and singing.

There is no reference of anyone to play an organ until 1871, at which time Mrs. Bettie MacKay was employed at a salary of $100 per year.

It was the ladies of the church who procured the first pipe organ from New York in 1882. Realizing the necessity of having a competent person to play it, the church was authorized to spend up to $250 per year, if necessary, to secure such a person.

The organ was built by the firm of L. C. Harrison (who had worked in the shop of Henry Erben and appears to have been his corporate successor) as their Opus 50 and cost $1,500. It was shipped to Richmond free of charge by the Old Dominion Steamship Company, and was dedicated on April 14, 1882 by Mr. T. Bennett Dashiell, described in the newspaper as “the popular organist.”²

Soon after the purchase of the new organ, Professor Leslie F. Watson (1859–1933), who had moved to Richmond in 1884, appeared on the scene to serve as organist (1885–1894) and was succeeded by his wife Laura (1860–1933) for the period 1894 to 1928. It was “Miss Laura” who had the longer association with Leigh Street, 34 years, and it is her name that is more associated with the church. She was a striking figure, well known for the large hats she wore. The Watsons were devout Methodists. A granddaughter related to me that since Miss Laura could not participate in the Holy Communion at Leigh Street, it was not difficult for her to slip out, walk the three blocks to Union Station Church where she was a member, receive the sacrament, and return to the organ, all during the sermon. The Leigh Street preacher, however, had to keep his eye on the back door and make sure his sermon lasted until her return. 

It was in 1911 that Mr. W. J. Parrish (1965–1938) gave the gift of the current Kimball organ to the church in memory of his wife, Jennie Martin Parrish (1865–1909). The old organ was given to Tabernacle Baptist Church, and then to St. Philip’s Episcopal Church, according to the Leigh Street Church centennial history. There is no record of the Kimball organ’s cost, though the similar-size Kimball installed at Second Baptist Church in 1906 cost $9,000. That organ was transported free from Chicago to Richmond by the Chesapeake & Ohio Railway; it seems likely the Leigh Street organ was carried over the same route, whether free or not.

W. W. Kimball (1828–1904) began manufacturing pianos in Chicago in 1857. The company began making reed organs and produced its first pipe organ in 1890. By the time the pipe organ division closed in 1942, it had produced more than 7,000 organs.³

Following the fashion of the time, the decision was made to place the new organ and the choir behind the pulpit. But there was a problem—the back wall was directly behind the pulpit, and behind that a public alley. The solution? Build a 14-foot deep addition to house the organ, supported on stilts over the alley! The organ was dedicated on Sunday, November 26, in conjunction with a large Sunday School addition to the building and general redecorating.

Leslie Watson gave the opening recital on the Kimball organ the following Tuesday evening, assisted by Mrs. F. D. Hequembourg, violin, and Mrs. Sallie Montgomery Brown, soprano. A capacity audience filled the church. One would have thought that Watson would have been the designer of the instrument, and probably was involved, but the dedication program states that Mr. Parrish selected Mr. H. A. Burke, “who is considered the foremost organ voicer and tone expert in the country,” for that task.

While the organ’s tonal scheme is reflective of many instruments of its time, there were several features, described in the dedication program, that were considered to be unusual:

 

In the Choir Organ there is a 16-foot Contra Salicional. This stop has only two duplicates in this country, having been recently introduced by Mr. Burke.

The Viola d’Amour (also in the Choir Organ) is a very rare stop.

Another new idea is that of the Pedal Treble Separation, which allows the performer to separate the Pedal keyboard in itself so that the upper twenty notes can be coupled to the manuals at super octaves, and leave the twelve lower notes to be used for a bass, thus permitting the organist to use both hands and both feet at the same time, in such a way as to produce many unique effects.

Chimes were donated by the Parrish children and dedicated at the church’s centennial in October 1954. A decade later Lawrence Walker, a local organ technician who represented Casavant Frères, converted the action from tubular-pneumatic to electro-pneumatic and replaced the console, but the voicing seems to have had little change, if any. Suzanne Bunting (b. 1936), long-time organ instructor at the University of Richmond, who grew up in the church and whose mother had previously been the organist, played the rededication recital.

When the Parrish Memorial Organ reached its 70th year, I was the parish musician and arranged for a commemorative recital by Earl L. Miller. The plan was for him to play as many of the 1911 recital pieces as possible, most of which had long passed from popularity. In the planning process, Earl wrote to me that several of the original compositions had surfaced but he had re-submerged them. Instead, he substituted other numbers by the same composers. A large crowd turned out, including descendents of both the Parrish and Watson families.

Another 30 years have now passed, and the Kimball organ continues its faithful service as it has for a century. It is a unique survivor, and while different from today’s instruments, is worthy of our interest and commemoration.

 

Leigh Street Baptist Church, 

Richmond, Virginia

W. W. Kimball

GREAT

8′ Open Diapason (metal) 61 pipes

8′ Gamba (metal) 61 pipes

8′ Dulciana (metal) 61 pipes

8′ Doppel Flute (wood) 61 pipes

4′ Octave (metal) 61 pipes

4′ Forest Flute (wood) 61 pipes

8′ Trumpet (metal) 61 pipes

SWELL

16′ Bourdon (wood) 61 pipes

8′ Horn Diapason (metal) 61 pipes

8′ Salicional (metal) 61 pipes

8′ Aeoline (metal) 61 pipes

8′ Vox Celeste (metal) 61 pipes

8′ Stopped Flute (wood) 61 pipes

4′ Flute Traverso (wood) 61 pipes

8′ Cornopean (metal) 61 pipes

8′ Orchestral Oboe (metal) 61 pipes

8′ Vox Humana (metal) 61 pipes

Vox Humana Tremulant

Swell Tremulant

CHOIR

16 ′ Contra Salicional (metal) 61 pipes

8′ French Diapason (metal) 61 pipes

8′ Viola d’Amour (metal) 61 pipes

8′ Dolce (metal) 61 pipes

8′ Melodia (wood) 61 pipes

4′ Flute Octaviente (metal) 61 pipes

2′ Piccolo Harmonique (metal) 61 pipes

8′ Clarinet (metal) 61 pipes

Tremulant

PEDAL

16′ Open Diapason (wood) 32 pipes

16′ Violone (metal) 32 pipes

16′ Lieblich Gedact (wood) 32 pipes

16′ Bourdon (wood) 32 pipes

1911 dedication program by Leslie F. Watson

Elegy Alfred Hollins

First Sonata, Introduction and Allegro 

Alexandre Guilmant

Violin solo, Andante from Concerto, Op. 64 Felix Mendelssohn

Mrs. Hequembourg

Romance and Barcarolle W. Wolstenholme

Flute Concerto Rinck

Song, The Message Blumenthal

Mrs. Brown

Cantilena Clifford Demarest

Fughetta Theodore Dubois

Sunset Melody Charles John Vincent

Funeral March of a Marionette

Charles Gounod

Violin solo, Lullay Rudolf Friml

Overture to William Tell Gioachino Rossini

Transcription by Dudley Buck

 

100th anniversary program

Suite Gothique, Op. 25 Leon Boëllmann

Connor Wood, Richmond Chapter 

      scholarship recipient

Benedictus Alec Rowley

The Penitent’s Prayer Leslie F. Watson

Donald R. Traser, former church organist

Pavane pour une infant defunte 

Maurice Ravel

Robert Ford, organ; 

Lawrence Robinson, current organist, 

    piano

Le Jardin suspendu Jehan Alain

Litanies Jehan Alain

Lawrence Robinson  

 

 

Foley-Baker, Inc., 

Tolland, Connecticut

Duke University Chapel, 

Durham, North Carolina

The 1932 Aeolian at Duke University Chapel has as colorful a history as any American organ. In 1930, at a time when contracts had grown scarce, Aeolian wrested the job from Skinner, only to plagiarize the stoplist and layout of Skinner’s 1928 organ for Princeton University Chapel. By the time Aeolian installed the job, their brazen move had evolved into the bittersweet reality of a merger with Skinner. Thus, the Duke organ became Aeolian’s last statement of what a grand organ should be. After World War II, the instrument developed particular appeal through the tenure of Chapel organist Mildred Hendrix, with later chapters of near-replacement in the late 1980s, a seminal bequest toward restoration by Director of Chapel Music Benjamin Smith, renewed respect in the 1990s, and a complete renovation finished in 2009 by Foley-Baker, Inc. More than history, the tale of the Duke Aeolian reads like a screenplay.

Mike Foley recently wrote up the project in The American Organist from his company’s point of view; a forthcoming article in The Tracker will examine the organ’s historical and contemporary importance in greater detail. This piece focuses on technical and musical issues raised in the renovation, since the Duke project lies in that area between restoration (in which nothing is changed) and rebuilding (in which new and old material are given equal status toward an updated musical goal). How this project balanced respect for the original material with modern and practical concerns is important to review, and can be examined in three primary areas: musical, console, and interior.

 

Background

From 1929 to 1932, its final years of production, Aeolian’s organ department produced three heroic organs: Longwood Gardens (Op. 1726, 146 ranks, five 32′s), completed in June 1930; Westchester County Center, an auditorium in White Plains, New York (Op. 1747, 69 ranks, 32′ Bombarde), completed in late 1930; and Duke Chapel (Op. 1785, 120 ranks, three 32′s), signed in October 1930, installed in early 1932 and dedicated that June. (In 1931, Aeolian signed a fourth in this mode for the Hershey Community Theatre in Pennsylvania. The contract went to Aeolian-Skinner in the merger, and the resulting instrument, completed in 1933 under Ernest Skinner’s personal direction, was a Skinner through and through.)

High pressures, large scales, multiple reed batteries, and identical primary scaling link these Aeolians as sister efforts. The recent renovations at Duke and Longwood reveal that while Aeolian’s intentions were suitably heroic in each case, the company was still feeling its way along the finer points of how to build mechanisms and pipes to cope with the demands of high wind pressures. In turn, those details affect how these organs are renewed for their second life cycle.

 

Musical issues

At 120 ranks, the tonal disposition at Duke represented an apotheosis of the Symphonic organ, from a period in which a semblance of traditional chorus building was beginning to return to American organbuilding. The comprehensive chancel scheme was supported by an encased two-manual section in the nave, having an unenclosed chorus, Pedal 16′ Principal in the façade, and a group of enclosed softer voices.

The instrument remained in this original state only 16 years, however. Certain mechanical and musical issues brought about a campaign of work by Aeolian-Skinner in 1948, including a new remote-control combination action and crescendo pedal. Ten new string ranks were installed, probably not to provide a different type of tone as much as to correct speech deficiencies common to ranks built from Hoyt metal, as the originals were. Some sounds were changed. New Choir mutations did not precisely replicate the Aeolian originals, and the Antiphonal chorus was remodeled, using new 8′ and 4′ ranks, a revoiced chorus reed, and a de-tierced and brightened mixture. Finally, the chancel Great chorus underwent a bit of reshuffling: the 51⁄3′ Quinte became a third 4′ Principal, the III–VI Plein Jeu was returned to the factory to be loudened, and the chorus was rebalanced somewhat on site.

In 1975 the Echo-Antiphonal was removed to make way for the present Flentrop, deleting a section of the Aeolian many had found particularly effective. But much more noteworthy was the Chapel’s acoustical transformation in 1974, from one of stereotypical Akoustolith deadness to epic acoustical grandeur. This one event changed all music in Duke Chapel; certainly no one active at Aeolian or Aeolian-Skinner ever experienced Op. 1785 as we do today.

Given this history of change, it was clear that any serious renovation of the Aeolian needed to develop an ethic around the organ’s tonal content. Duke organists Robert Parkins and David Arcus spent years considering the matter, working through the issues as they considered various restorers. By the time Foley-Baker was signed on in 2007, the plan had solidified around restoration of the 1932 tonal scheme: retaining the 1948 Aeolian-Skinner replacement ranks, reversing the 1948 changes and shifts, and regulating the pipes as closely as could be reasoned to where Aeolian left them in 1932. The adoption of such a plan was not a foregone conclusion, for the Aeolian is not without its anomalies. Unison flute tone outside the Solo is atypically gentle (the Great Principal Flute, for example, is softer than the Gemshorn), and some layout details that actually aid tonal projection do not initially appear to. After careful study and consideration, however, the conclusion among organists and rebuilders was that the most musical result would be attained with a return to the 1932 scheme.

While Aeolian’s scaling and voicing was heroic in these jobs, the metal pipework and some of the heftier chorus reeds are perhaps one degree less substantial than what is asked of them. As a result, it becomes especially incumbent to examine pipes thoroughly during rehabilitation to ensure their readiness for another life-cycle. In addition to normal tub washing, numerous seams and loose languids were repaired. Pipes were re-rounded on mandrels to assure good speaking conditions, tops trimmed, and new tuning collars fit throughout. Some of the largest wood pipes had developed cracks, which were routed out, splined and repaired. Finally, Foley-Baker tonal director Milovan Popovic reviewed all flue pipes on the voicing machine. The goal here was to do anything and everything that would promote stability of speech and tone for the next several generations.

For Duke, two aspects made the flue reconditioning process more complex. Unlike working on a Skinner, where many examples exist for study, the scarcity of this breed of Aeolian can involve more interpretation than can be comfortable during a restorative process. Also, Aeolian employed Hoyt metal for many flue ranks, evidently unaware of the material’s tendency to creep over time. The syndrome mostly affects flue pipe windways, as lower lips bow out, making the tone less efficient and duller while vaguely staying on speech. Re-setting the windways is straightforward enough, but it involves a careful ear and a degree of conjecture to divine what the original voicers were after.

Broome & Co. LLC undertook reconditioning of all reed stops, having performed a similar task with the Longwood reeds, each job informing the other. That process is intensive. The pipes are fully documented before disassembly and rigorous cleaning; wood wedges are replaced with brass; every scrolled slot is cut out and replaced; and finally, the pipes are re-assembled and checked through on the voicing machine.

The final element in the organ’s musical rehabilitation was the many weeks of tonal finishing, again led by Milovan Popovic. Tremolo regulation received perhaps as much attention as tone, an area to which Mike Foley is personally devoted. Aeolian used small tremolos to wobble large reservoirs, resulting in a light, fast and almost reiterative effect that many would find unpalatable today. To produce, from these elements, an effect that organists will actually use is no small feat. Finally, after years of silence, the Chimes and Harp are heard again, the latter particularly fine in Aeolian organs, long on tone and short on action noise.

In the end, there was one stoplist change and one addition. The 15-inch wind pressure Pedal reed unit was made available in the manuals as an additional unison Trombone. And a new 25-inch-wind Festival Trumpet was added, modeled on the louder of the two fanfare Tubas on the Skinner at Yale University (the Aeolian-Skinner at Girard College in Philadelphia has a stop of similar construction). All members of the design team reflected upon a group of samples; the preferred stop was built by A.R. Schopp’s Sons and voiced by Christopher Broome. These unenclosed pipes are nestled into the right transept opening, speaking directly into the crossing as a heraldic voice.

 

Console

While the company’s earliest consoles followed the terrace-jamb form typical of the late 19th century, Aeolian evolved a trademark style in the ’teens, using horizontally tilting tablets in angled side jambs. The resulting low profile, even for large consoles, suited the residential setting (the person on the bench, operating a roll, could still engage socially). Organists often derided these consoles, since at a glance it wasn’t clear which stops were drawn. Branching out to church organs in the 1920s, Aeolian first rotated the tablets to the more usual vertical arrangement, then developed a distinctive type of drawknob console, with natty celluloid moldings around departments and large ivory stopknobs on thick ivory shanks rather than the usual ebony. Some peculiarities migrated from the residence consoles: expression shoes with little excursion, spongy key action without tracker touch, non-AGO pedalboard and clavier relationships, and placement of the Sforzando piston directly next to Great to Pedal (surprise!).

The Duke console was Aeolian’s tallest of this model: impressive as a forest of ivory, if tending to noisiness with its vacuum-action stopknob motors. As the size and fame of the Duke choir grew, the console height became a liability in the visual communication between organist and conductor. And, with the removal of the nave sections in 1975, the console contained many redundant controls.

For these and other reasons, the organists decided they would prefer to archive the original console and have a smaller one better suited to the instrument’s current configuration. Richard S. Houghten of Milan, Michigan was directly contracted for this work, along with the design and installation of solid-state control systems throughout. The new console blends dimensions and features more typical of Skinner (particularly key-touch and piston arrangement) with some of the visual design peculiar to the Aeolian original. Legally sourced ivory for keys, stopknobs, tablets, pistons, and indicator tags contribute to an ambience more of a modernized old console than a brand-new one.

 

Interior

Projects involving old organs are made easier when the instruments in question are entirely original. More challenging is an organ that has unquestionable musical merit but might not have a mechanical foundation of comparable quality. At Longwood, Aeolian’s first truly high-pressure effort (ranging from 8″ to 30″), Aeolian experienced some structural instability with their new style of pitman windchest. Unlike Skinner chests, which are formed with horizontal joist-like separators between every stop, the Aeolian pitman chest is a simple box with a solid table, four sides and an occasional vertical post. At Longwood, this proved insubstantial to the pressures employed (many were reinforced in the recent renovation); the White Plains organ shows further evidence of the same syndrome. By the time the Duke organ was built, Aeolian had already realized that stouter construction was necessary. While each chest was carefully checked for signs of stress or need for reinforcement, none was needed in the end.

Otherwise, restoring all mechanisms to a like-new standard comprises the bulk of any restorative effort. Each firm’s instruments bring particular challenges. Aeolian was atypical in being a two-finish wood shop: some things painted, others shellacked. This factor complicates renewal of the main windchests, whose solid tops are shellacked but whose sides and bottoms are painted. Most Aeolian organs have 6-stage accordion swell engines. For fancy jobs, a relay mixed and matched the six stages to produce 14 discrete increments of opening. A nice idea in theory, in practice the operation could lack smoothness, particularly in the first few stages. For Duke, Aeolian built 14-stage accordions, an elegant solution but a tougher restoration challenge. Finally, tremendous effort was put into renewing the Duke chambers and making all surfaces maximally reflective, together with a well-lit working environment for the technician. After decades of looking dank and worn, the chambers now gleam like a first-class hotel lobby.

 

Personnel

There had been talk of restoring the Duke Aeolian since 1990. Through the 1990s and 2000s, former curator Norman Ryan had rehabilitated much of the Swell, and portions of the Choir and Solo. In the push to undertake a comprehensive renovation, two gentlemen stood behind the project and saw that it got done. Duke University Organist Dr. Robert Parkins set aside earlier conceptions about style and saw that the instrument’s fabric and tone were respected. He also dealt with the many logistical issues such projects raise. Chapel Organist Dr. David Arcus, familiar with and fond of similar instruments built by Skinner (particularly that at Yale University, on which he studied with Dr. Charles Krigbaum) asked important questions, challenged assumptions, and kept music central to the discussion. His persuasive playing on the Aeolian invigorated established admirers and persuaded new ones. For Sunday worship, the two organists have developed creative means of employing both Flentrop and Aeolian in antiphonal hymn accompaniment, as well as showcasing Duke’s other organs: the meantone Brombaugh in the side Memorial Chapel, and the Richards, Fowkes in Goodson Chapel, next door at Duke Divinity School.

A project of this magnitude, accomplished on budget in 20 months, requires planning of the surest sort coupled to experience in managing complex projects. While Mike Foley plays an active role in that process, foreman Phil Carpenter’s long experience in the site management shows through every detail of the finished result. The Duke renovation takes its place in FBI’s impressive roster of high-profile work of late: Boston-area Aeolian-Skinners at Symphony Hall, The First Church of Christ, Scientist, and Trinity Church; Groton School; and in 2010, the relocated 1929 Skinner for The Memorial Church, Harvard University.

For those who admire all of Duke’s fine organs, in their excellence and variety, this renovation allows the Aeolian to shine forth with the elegance of its sisters. Better still, it is played often and well. For those who labor hard on such jobs, there is no finer outcome.

—Jonathan Ambrosino

 

Photo credit: Mark Manring

 

The Duke Aeolian was rededicated in a gala concert February 8, 2009, jointly offered by Drs. Parkins and Arcus to a capacity audience, with works of Brahms, Karg-Elert, Reger, Pierné, Franck, Gigout, Locklair, Tournemire, and Jongen. The entire recital can be seen episodically on YouTube.

 

Chancel Organ, Duke University Chapel, Durham, North Carolina

  Aeolian Organ Company, Opus 1785, 1931Р32

GREAT (wind pressures: 6″ for flues, 12″ for reeds)

32′ Quintaton (from tenor c) 61 pipes

16′ Diapason 73 pipes

partially in north façade

16′ Bourdon (Pedal, ext) 17 pipes

8′ First Diapason   73 pipes

swapped with Second in 1932

8′ Second Diapason   73 pipes

swapped with First in 1932

8′ Third Diapason   73 pipes

restored to original from Prestant 4′

8′ Gemshorn 73 pipes

8′ Principal Flute   73 pipes

8′ Doppel Flute   73 pipes

(in Choir chamber)

51⁄3′ Quint   73 pipes

restored to original from Third Diapason

4′ Octave   73 pipes

4′ Principal 73 pipes

4′ Flute   73 pipes

(in Choir chamber)

31⁄5′ Tenth   73 pipes

22⁄3′ Twelfth   61 pipes

2′ Fifteenth   61 pipes

Harmonics V 305 pipes

Plein Jeu III–VI 268 pipes

16′ Contra Tromba   73 pipes

(in Choir chamber)

8′ Trombone (Pedal)

8′ Tromba   73 pipes

(in Choir chamber)

4′ Octave Tromba   73 pipes

(in Choir chamber)

8′ Tuba Mirabilis (Solo)

8′ Festival Trumpet   61 pipes

(new, floating, 25″ wind pressure)

Great to Great 16

Great to Great 4

Great Unison Off

SWELL (wind pressures: 6″ for flues and orchestral reeds, 10″ for chorus reeds)

16′ Bourdon   73 pipes

8′ Diapason   73 pipes

8′ Geigen Diapason   73 pipes

8′ Gamba   73 pipes

8′ Gamba Celeste   73 pipes

8′ Salicional   73 pipes

8′ Voix Celeste   73 pipes

8′ Rohrflute   73 pipes

8′ Cor de nuit*   73 pipes

8′ Flauto dolce   73 pipes

8′ Flute Celeste   61 pipes

4′ Octave   73 pipes

4′ Fugara   73 pipes

4′ Flute Triangulaire*   73 pipes

22⁄3′ Nazard*   61 pipes

2′ Piccolo   61 pipes

2′ Flautino*   61 pipes

13⁄5′ Tierce*   61 pipes

Cornet V (composed of stops marked*)

Chorus Mixture V 305 pipes

16′ Posaune   73 pipes

8′ French Trumpet   73 pipes

8′ Cornopean   73 pipes

8′ Oboe   73 pipes

8′ Vox Humana   73 pipes

4′ Clarion   73 pipes

8′ Harp (in Choir box)

4′ Celesta (in Choir box)

Tremolo

Chimes

Swell to Swell 16

Swell to Swell 4

Swell Unison Off

CHOIR (wind pressure: 6″ throughout)

16′ Gamba   12 pipes

(ext Viole d’orchestre 8′)

8′ Diapason   73 pipes

8′ Viole d’orchestre   73 pipes

8′ Viole Celeste   73 pipes

8′ Concert Flute   73 pipes

8′ Quintadena (derived from stops marked*)

8′ Dulciana*   73 pipes

8′ Dulciana Celeste   73 pipes

4′ Violina   73 pipes

4′ Harmonic Flute   73 pipes

22⁄3′ Nazard*   61 pipes

2′ Piccolo   61 pipes

13⁄5′ Tierce   61 pipes

11⁄7′ Septieme   61 pipes

16′ Fagotto   73 pipes

8′ Trumpet   73 pipes

8′ Corno di bassetto   73 pipes

8′ Orchestral Oboe   73 pipes

8′ Tuba Mirabilis (Solo)

8′ Festival Trumpet

8′ Harp   49 bars

4′ Celesta (ext Harp)   12 bars

Tremolo

Chimes   25 tubes

Choir to Choir 16

Choir to Choir 4

Choir Unison Off

SOLO (wind pressures: 10″ for flues and orchestral reeds, 15″ for chorus Tubas, 25″ for Tuba mirabilis)

8′ Stentorphone   73 pipes

8′ Gamba   73 pipes

8′ Gamba Celeste   73 pipes

8′ Flauto Mirabilis   73 pipes

4′ Octave   73 pipes

4′ Orchestral Flute   73 pipes

Mixture V 305 pipes

16′ Tuba   73 pipes

8′ Tuba Mirabilis   73 pipes

8′ Tuba   73 pipes

8′ French Horn   73 pipes

8′ English Horn   73 pipes

4′ Clarion   73 pipes

Tremolo

Chimes

Solo to Solo 16

Solo to Solo 4

Solo Unison Off

PEDAL (wind pressures: 6″ for flues, 15″ for reeds)

32′ Diapason (ext Ped Diap)   12 pipes

32′ Bourdon (from Bourdon 16′; 1–12 in 

common with Diapason 32′)

16′ Diapason   32 pipes

16′ Contrabass   32 pipes

16′ Diapason (Great)

16′ Bourdon   68 pipes

16′ Gamba (Choir)

16′ Echo Lieblich (from Swell Bourdon)

102⁄3′ Quint (from Pedal Bourdon)

8′ Octave (ext Diapason) 12 pipes

8′ Principal   32 pipes

8′ Gedeckt (from Pedal Bourdon 16′)

8′ Stille Gedeckt (from Sw Bourdon 16′)

51⁄3′ Twelfth (from Pedal Bourdon 16′)

4′ Flute (from Pedal Bourdon 16′)

Harmonics V 160 pipes

32′ Bombarde (ext Ped Tbone) 12 pipes

32′ Fagotto (ext Choir)   12 pipes

16′ Trombone   32 pipes

16′ Tuba (Solo)

16′ Tromba (Great)

16′ Fagotto (Choir)

102⁄3′ Quint Trombone (from Great Contra

Tromba 16′)

8′ Trombone (ext)   12 pipes

8′ Tuba Mirabilis (Solo)

8′ Festival Trumpet

4′ Clarion (ext)   12 pipes

Chimes (Choir)

 

Couplers

Great to Pedal 8 Solo to Great 16

Swell to Pedal 8 Solo to Great 8

Choir to Pedal 8 Solo to Great 4

Solo to Pedal 8 Solo to Swell 16

Great to Pedal 4 Solo to Swell 8

Swell to Pedal 4 Solo to Swell 4

Choir to Pedal 4 Swell to Choir 16

Solo to Pedal 4 Swell to Choir 8

Pedal to Pedal 4 Swell to Choir 4

Pedal Divide Great to Choir 16

Swell to Great 16 Great to Choir 8

Swell to Great 8 Great to Choir 4

Swell to Great 4 Solo to Choir 16

Choir to Great 16 Solo to Choir 8

Choir to Great 8 Solo to Choir 4

Choir to Great 4 Pedal to Choir 8

Great and Choir Transfer

 

Balanced Expression Pedals

Choir Expression

Swell Expression

Solo Expression

Crescendo (programmable)

 

Combination Pre-sets

Standard Capture Combination System with 256 levels of memory

Manual Piston Combinations

Great: 1–8, 0 (Cancel)

Swell: 1–8, 0

Choir: 1–8, 0

Solo: 1–8, 0

Pedal: 4–8, 0

General: 1–20

General Cancel

Pedal Piston Combinations

Pedal: 1–5, 0

General: 1–16

Setter

Piston Sequencer

Memory Up and Down pistons

 

Reversibles

Manual and Pedal Pistons

Great to Pedal 8

Swell to Great 8

Choir to Pedal 8

Solo to Pedal 8

Diapason 32′

Bombarde 32′

Fagotto 32′

16′ Manual Stops Off

32′ Pedal Stops Off

All Swells to Solo Expression Pedal

Sfz mf

Sfz Tutti

 

Manual Pistons Only

Solo to Swell 8

Swell to Pedal 8

Choir to Great 8

Solo to Great 8

Swell to Choir 8

Solo to Choir 8

Great to Choir 8

All Pistons Next

Harp Sustain

 

Indicator Lights

Usher Signal

Telephone

Transposer

Pedal Divide

Sfz mf

Sfz Tutti

Crescendo

All Swells to Solo Expression Pedal

All Pistons Next

Pedal 32′ Off

Manual 16′ Off

Harp Sustain

Digital display for memory level, general piston number, and crescendo level

 

Glück Pipe Organs,

New York, New York

Faith Lutheran Church,

New Providence, New Jersey

The new pipe organ for Faith Lutheran Church was created for use in traditional worship and for the performance of solo organ literature with a reasonable degree of historical accuracy. Although conservative in its core concept and tonal structure, some unusual pipe forms and design elements take it beyond the realm of the tonal cookie-cutter.

The instrument replaces a very heavily unified organ from the 1960s that subsequently had been altered by a local tuner. Inspection revealed that it contained several ranks of flue pipes that could be rescaled and incorporated into the new organ. While the mouths of these salvageable ranks were “cut to speech,” the pipes had never been truly voiced or tonally finished. They were essentially raw pipes of good alloy, straight from the pipemaker. Retaining these heritage pipes accomplished three goals: it enabled us to broaden the scope of the instrument from two manuals to three, it made the congregation understand that pipe organs could be investments, not merely expenses, and it gave church members a deeply satisfying feeling of historical continuity.

 

The façade design

When this project began years ago, the bidding organbuilders were asked to design an organ for the front of the church as part of a comprehensive renovation. Despite my strong indication that I preferred a rear gallery location, I conceived two chancel designs, one unilateral, the other divided. As the years passed, larger considerations arose for this thriving church. Should they once again enlarge their present church and school complex, or build a new church on new land? The church retained respected organ, architectural, and acoustical consultant Scott Riedel of Milwaukee, whose calm advice and clear education resulted in the organ in place today, as well as enlarged facilities for the music department and an improved acoustic. 

In the end, I got my wish. The organ sings from an elevated, central position in the new rear gallery. The A-frame structure, characteristic of so many American Lutheran churches of the era, naturally calls for North European case morphology. The mahogany case, proportioned for a relaxed “fit” in the room, is accented with understated pipe shades and foliate carvings in maple.

Within this visual context, I engaged in a bit of iconography and mannerism. The central “Trinity” of pipes is non-speaking, allowing me the opportunity to increase their length and have them break through the cornice and soar heavenward. The remainder of the façade is composed of pipes from the Great 8′ Præstant. The twelve polished zinc pipes of the lowest octave, with their undulating mouth lines, represent the Apostles. They are, in turn, flanked by the spotted metal 4′ range, playing upon the number seven, which recurs often in scripture. In each “flat” of pipes, the outer two pipes are reversed to acknowledge the visual strength of the roofline, and pipe lengths are balanced by building every other pipe one semitone over-length. 

 

The console

When minister of music Dr. John Girvin asked that I address the needs of an easily navigable, mobile console with unobstructed sight lines, I took as a point of departure the Aeolian organ consoles designed for the homes of the aristocracy during the first quarter of the last century. In this restrained and modern version, the tablets operate vertically, rather than horizontally, so that there is no confusion as to whether a stop is on or off. Each divisional field is in the same location as it would be in a drawknob console. The console is equipped with a comprehensive combination action and record and playback system.

The organist can see and conduct over the console effortlessly, and musicians can even stand around it and read their music from atop its cabinetry. It glides anywhere in the new organ and choir loft on an undetectable, integrated dolly, since choral and instrumental ensembles of various configurations are a normal part of musical life at Faith Lutheran. I designed the new gallery rail to be somewhat visually opaque but tonally transparent, with rhythmic elements paying homage to the likes of Wright, Mackintosh, and Stickley.

 

Tonal structure

While assiduously avoiding the lure of the unthinking American Lutheran stoplist, the structure of the Great principal chorus nonetheless had to be the starting point. It is supplemented by an 8′ Harmonic Flute, a requirement of the French Romantic repertoire. Carried down in open metal to A10, the bottom nine notes are borrowed from the open 8′ Spitzflöte so as to have no break in the tone. Taking advantage of unit actions in the Swell, the unison flute and string are duplexed to the Great, making available the dense velour of the fonds d’huit. The 16′ Dexter Geigen, which begins at middle C, is a broad and rosiny string of both solo and ensemble capability, adding gravity to the right hand without weight. It was made from the 8′ Viola that was in the church’s original organ, a rank that had only extended to 4′ C, with a borrowed capped metal bass. 

The 8′ Trumpet is broad, warm, and round, with English shallots and bells of higher lead content than the division’s fluework. It nobly melds into the ensemble without making a brash entrance. It is actually an upward extension of the Pedal reed unit, playing on the Great but being of the Pedal.

The notably potent Swell department is home to the second, slightly brighter plenum. I did not want to overdevelop the unenclosed Positiv and leave the church with a vestigial, anemic Swell. While the Great Chorus Mixture IV assumes a predictable American formula, the Swell Mixture II–IV was composed for sparkle and clarity without losing its integrative powers. This is accomplished by having the quints and unisons either in balance or favoring the unisons at all times (which has great benefits in hymn accompaniment and contrapuntal music), and keeping a unison pitch at the top of the harmonic stack except for a very brief, essentially unnoticeable two-note break near the top of the keyboard. 

The Swell strings are firm and deliberately incisive. Two powerful wooden flutes of double-mouth construction come from the 1919 Hall organ formerly in the Swedenborgian church in New York City, a 38-rank instrument that I acquired when that building was remodeled. The 8′ Doppelgedeckt  seems exceptionally present at the console, yet is buoyant in the nave. The orchestral “spit” in the harmonic range of the 4′ Holzdoppelquerpfeife is extraordinary, and the stop is worthy of copying in the future. 

Faith Lutheran’s original organ had a handful of “wired” mutations, taken from the unified ranks of the small Swell division. Such practice can never meet with true success, because these harmonics must be independently scaled, voiced, and finished, and the laws of physics make it impossible for them ever to be in tune. The new organ’s independent Nazard and Tierce ranks are joined on one slider in deference to the budget. Although flute-scaled, the chameleon-like Cornetto II serves as a pointed Sesquialtera when drawn with the 8′ flute, yet forms a round Cornet of French flavor when drawn with the entire flute choir. The tierce remains unbroken throughout the compass, and was actually made from a fine 2′ rank that was in our stock, appropriately rescaled and revoiced.

The Swell 8′ Trompette, with Bertounèche shallots and harmonic resonators, is significantly more brilliant than its Great counterpart. The full-length resonators of the 16′ Basson assure grandeur and richness in anthem accompaniments. Half-length resonators always fall short of the mark, a imprudent expedient, especially in situations like this, where the worthier compromise is to extend the 16′ stop down from the 8′ Hautbois.

When Albert Jensen-Moulton, general manager of Glück Pipe Organs, devised the layout of the new organ, he placed the Positiv in “Brust” position, immediately behind the façade on the right side, in juxtaposition to the Great to its left and the Swell behind. It is in close proximity to the singers and instrumentalists, and enjoys the distinct physical separation sought in a Baroque tonal æsthetic. The metal flute choir (8′ capped, 4′ chimneyed, and 2′ open) forms the perfect continuo organ, its varied pipe forms avoiding the risk of duplicating or triplicating other manual stops. 

The instrument stands on slider soundboards, but the occasional extrapolation of ranks on electro-pneumatic unit actions expands the registrational possibilities, particularly in the Positiv. The center of gravity can be shifted by the warm and singing 8′ Spitzflöte, the other rank that was extended upward from the Pedal division. Once again, it is scaled and voiced as a Pedal stop, but balances perfectly here, with freedom of tonal finishing in the treble range. The 8′ Clarinet, poised for dialogue with the Swell tierce combination, has a more “antique” sound than its name implies, enhanced by the release characteristics of the pallets. Its color can be shifted quite effectively with other stops in the division, expanding its solo capabilities. The Positiv and Great manuals can be exchanged in order to accommodate music of the later French schools.

The Pedal is based upon the 16′ Holzviolon, an open wood string stop also selected from the Swedenborgian organ. It was in rough shape, with its mitered basses broken and only two octaves of wood pipes, but it was needed to lend pitch definition to the Pedal line. While we could have completed the treble with metal pipes, the very capable pipemakers at OSI crafted matching wooden trebles as well as Haskell re-entrant tubes for the bottom four notes. This stop enables the Pedal to steer in contrasting directions: a gentle, clarified, open chorus, by adding the 8′ and 4′ Spitzflötes, or a bolder sound, using the 8′ Octave and 4′ Fifteenth. The stopped wood 16′ Infrabass, retained from the previous organ, provides a solid foundation, and other mezzo-forte borrows from the manual divisions make up the rest of this flexible arrangement. The full-length 16′
Posaune has spotted metal bells in the bottom octave to inject brightness into the round, firm, rolling tone. It is extended to 8′ pitch, and is available on both the Great and Positiv manuals.

The salient factors in place that contributed to the success of this project include a supportive pastorate, an enthusiastic and generous congregation, a Minister of Music who tirelessly educated himself through research and inquiry, and a truly knowledgeable, interdisciplinary consultant who guided the project without ever interfering with the artistic process. These elements paved the way for Glück Pipe Organs, our suppliers, our subcontractors, and all those involved in the enlarging of the church complex to achieve this long-anticipated goal.

—Sebastian M. Glück

Artistic and Tonal Director

Cover photo by Albert Jensen-Moulton

 

For information: 

212/608-5651

www.gluckpipeorgans.com

 

Glџck Pipe Organs Opus 13 (2011)

Faith Lutheran Church, New Providence, New Jersey

GREAT (Manual II)

16′ Dexter Geigen 34 pipes 50% tin, slotted, from C25

8′ Præstant 58 pipes polished zinc and 50% tin

8′ Harmonic Flute 49 pipes 50% tin, C1–G#9 from Spitzflöte

8′ Doppelgedeckt from Swell

8′ Viole de Gambe from Swell

4′ Octave 58 pipes 50% tin

2′ Fifteenth 58 pipes 50% tin

Chorus Mixture IV 232 pipes 50% tin

8′ Trumpet 28 pipes 30% tin, harmonic (Pedal extension)

Chimes 25 tubes G20–G44

Great Silent

16′ Swell to Great

8′ Swell to Great

4′ Swell to Great

8′ Positiv to Great

SWELL (Manual III)

8′ Viole de Gambe 58 pipes 50% tin, slotted

8′ Voix Céleste 46 pipes 50% tin, slotted, from C13

8′ Doppelgedeckt 58 pipes wood, double mouths, stopped

4′ Principal 58 pipes 50% tin

4′ Holzdoppelquerpfeife 58 pipes wood, double mouths, harmonic

2′ Gemshorn 58 pipes 50% tin

Cornetto II 116 pipes 50% tin

Mixture II–IV 176 pipes 50% tin

16′ Basson 12 pipes 50% tin

8′ Trompette 58 pipes 50% tin, harmonic

8′ Hautbois 58 pipes 50% tin

Tremulant

16′ Swell to Swell

4′ Swell to Swell

Chimes

POSITIV (Manual I)

8′ Spitzflöte 16 pipes 50% tin (Pedal extension)

8′ Viole de Gambe from Swell

8′ Bourdon 58 pipes 50% tin

4′ Rohrflöte 58 pipes 50% tin

2′ Recorder 58 pipes 50% tin

8′ Clarinet 58 pipes 30% tin

Tremulant

8′ Trumpet from Great

8′ Hautbois from Swell

8′ Swell to Positiv

Great/Positiv Transfer

PEDAL

16′ Holzviolon 30 pipes wood, C1–D#4 with re-entrant tubes

16′ Infrabass 30 pipes wood

8′ Octave 30 pipes zinc and 50% tin

8′ Spitzflöte 30 pipes zinc and 50% tin

8′ Gedeckt from Swell

4′ Fifteenth 12 pipes 50% tin

4′ Spitzflöte 12 pipes 50% tin

16′ Posaune 12 pipes zinc and 50% tin

16′ Basson from Swell

8′ Trumpet 30 pipes zinc and 30% tin

8′ Basson from Swell

4′ Hautbois from Swell

8′ Great to Pedal

8′ Swell to Pedal

8′ Positiv to Pedal

Great Chorus Mixture IV

C1 19.22.26.29

C13 15.19.22.26

C25 12.15.19.22

C37 08.12.15.19

C49 01.08.12.15

 

40 stops

32 ranks

Swell Cornetto II

C1 12.17 unbroken

 

Swell Mixture II–IV

C1 19.22

D15 15.19.22

F#43 12.15.19.22

C#50 08.12.15.19

D#52 01.08.12.15

Pasi Organ Builders, Inc., Roy, Washington, Opus 19 Sacred Heart Co-Cathedral, Houston, Texas

 

Pasi Organ Builders, Inc., Roy, Washington, Opus 19

Sacred Heart Co-Cathedral, 

Houston, Texas

 

From the organbuilder

The instrument is placed in the rear gallery on either side of the 40-foot-high Resurrection Window. This massive window necessitated a divided layout for the organ’s five divisions of pipes, and several unique design solutions were used to compensate for the lack of a traditional central organ case. During the organ’s design, construction, and voicing, this instrument developed a unique character of its own—thanks in large part to the building’s wonderfully reverberant acoustics.

The visual design of the instrument combines architectural features found in this building with elements from historic European organs. The organ is entirely encased in white oak woodwork, with decorative carvings above the façade pipes. Both the carvings and the façade pipe mouths are gilded with 23-carat gold leaf. The wooden case serves a vital tonal function by blending and focusing the sound of the 5,499 organ pipes, while also protecting them from dust.

The console’s four manual keyboards are covered with cow bone and ebony, and the pedal keyboard is made of maple and rosewood. The 111 stop knobs, controlling the organ’s five divisions of pipes, are on either side of the keyboards. The stop knobs and toe pistons are made of pau ferro. Other species of wood found in the organ include tulip poplar, redwood, sugar pine, basswood, walnut, hornbeam, and Douglas fir.

The organ is laid out vertically in order to take advantage of the given space. The pipes of the Great division are placed on windchests above the impost on the east side of the window. The Swell division is placed above the Great, hidden behind the façade pipes and gilded carvings. The Positive division is located above the Swell, almost hugging the building’s 72-foot-high ceiling. The Grand Choir and Pedal divisions are located on the west side of the window, with the Spanish Trumpets (Trompeta) speaking from the very top above the Pedal division. They are placed horizontally, just behind the façade, in order to sound in the most assertive manner possible.

Two electric blowers supply wind to the organ via six bellows measuring approximately 4 feet by 8 feet. The bellows and blowers are located behind and inside the organ’s two cases. This wind system imparts a gentle flexibility to the organ’s sound, allowing the pipes to sound more like a choir of human voices rather than an inexpressive machine.

The organ’s tonal scheme draws most of its inspiration from the great North German and French organs of the 17th and 18th centuries. Its resources are further leavened with many stops inspired by 19th- and 20th-century models. This enhances its flexibility in playing choral accompaniments and interpreting the monumental solo organ literature of the 19th and 20th centuries. The organ is tuned in “Mark Brombaugh Mild,” an unequal temperament that favors the keys nearest to C major while still remaining harmonious in the most distant keys.

With the exception of the free-reed Clarinette 8′ stop, all of the metal pipes were made in the Pasi shop—from the casting and rolling of the metal through to the completed pipes. They are made of various alloys of tin and lead, with trace impurities of copper, bismuth, and antimony to help stiffen the metal. To enhance the intensity of the lead pipes’ sound, the metal is hammered following casting in order to tighten its molecular structure. The three 32′ stops, as well as the large pipes of several other stops, are made of tulip poplar wood.

The three traditional manual divisions—Great, Positive, and Swell—are placed above the console on the east side of the window, and have normal suspended mechanical key action and mechanical couplers. The Grand Choir and Pedal divisions on the west side of the window are modeled after the
Résonance division in the famous 1775 Jean-Esprit Isnard organ at St. Maximin, Provence. Most of the Grand Choir pipes are shared between the two divisions, but have independent stop knobs and actions for each division. 

This divided layout of the organ, combined with the comprehensive tonal scheme necessitated by the cathedral’s vast interior space, posed a special challenge in the design of the key action. Running a horizontal mechanical key action from the console to the west case 30 feet away would have been impractical. Our solution was to use the electric proportional key action developed by NovelOrg of Longueuil (Montreal), Quebec. 

The NovelOrg proportional key action is an all-electric action with sophisticated electronic control that allows the valves in the windchests to follow exactly the motion of the key. Applying this action to the remote Grand Choir and Pedal divisions makes it possible to retain the sensitive control of pipe speech found in a traditional mechanical key action. In addition to the regular mechanical couplers, the Great, Positive, and Swell keyboards are coupled to the Grand Choir through the NovelOrg proportional action. The stop action is electric, and the solid-state combination action allows up to 20 organists to each have 55 levels of memory, providing for the storage and recall of thousands of stop combinations.

The staff of Pasi Organ Builders, Inc., constructed, installed, and voiced the organ over a period of three years. The Pasi staff and other artisans who contributed to this project are as follows:

Markus Morscher: design, casework, windchests, wood pipes, bellows, pipe racking, and installation

Michael Spieler: casework, windchests, wood pipes, bellows, console key action, pipe racking, and installation

Rochus van Rumpt: metal flue pipes (including fabrication of the largest façade pipes on-site), reed pipes, installation, and voicing

Mark Brombaugh: design, installation, and voicing

Arpad Magyar: metal flue and reed pipes

Maurine Pasi: pipe shade carving and gilding

Jennifer Von Holstein: carving design and administration

Robert Wech: design

Raphi Giangiulio: metal flue and reed pipes, design

Gyöngyi Czimbor: assistant in the Pasi wood and pipe shops

Douglas Brewer: installation

Bruce Shull: voicing

Dominik Maetzler: combination action wiring

Martin Pasi: design, flue and reed pipes, installation, voicing, and administration.

—Martin Pasi

 

From the consultant

What a joy it has been to work with the clergy and musicians of the Co-Cathedral of the Sacred Heart, with the architects and building contractor, and especially with Martin Pasi and his entire team. I remember very well the first meeting of the organ selection committee in 2006, when Cardinal DiNardo spelled out his vision for the project. The task of the committee, under the leadership of Crista Miller, was to find the right company to build an organ that would accompany, complement, and even augment the most perfect musical instrument—the human voice. In addition, the committee needed to be certain that the organ would function first and foremost for the Catholic liturgy. I remember how enthusiastic the cardinal was about the idea of installing a tracker-action organ that would draw from the great traditions of the past while also offering something special for our time. 

The overall concept of the organ is unique, but also firmly rooted in tradition. The left side (when looking at the large Resurrection Window) is played from the upper three manuals with traditional mechanical key action. This side has an especially large and expressive Swell division, useful for choral accompanying and organ music of the 19th and 20th centuries. The principal choruses of the Great and Positive are Germanic, while the many individual stops and small combinations make possible the performance of a wide range of organ music from the Renaissance and Baroque periods, including French classical repertoire. The right side of the instrument, played from the bottom manual and pedals, uses the electric proportional key action. The right side of the instrument contains the largest pipes, including three 32′ stops. This side also includes a massive principal chorus (with a large progressive mixture), impressive reed choruses, and full foundations appropriate for the French symphonic organ repertoire and festive congregational accompaniments.

I shall mention here only a few of the individual stops. The undulating Suavial (Voce umana) on the Positive is of great historical significance, although it is infrequently heard on this continent today. The two brilliant battle Trompetas on the Grand Choir are drawn from the Spanish and Latin American traditions. And the free-reed Clarinette, also on the Grand Choir, produces a very rare and exotic sound. From the quietest stops to the massive principal and reed choruses, the instrument produces a marvelous effect in the clear but reverberant acoustics of the co-cathedral. The residents of Houston owe Martin and all his associates at Pasi Organ Builders a debt of gratitude for this wonderful addition to the growing list of impressive new organs in our city.

—Robert Bates

Professor of Organ

Moores School of Music

University of Houston

 

From the director of music

When I came to the Co-Cathedral of the Sacred Heart in October 2004, one of my first duties was to provide music for the groundbreaking ceremony for the new 1800-seat church, to be completed in April 2008. There was discussion of moving the church’s small Pilcher organ into the new church, but I knew from my graduate assistantship under Hans Davidsson’s Eastman Rochester Organ Initiative that there are many bright stars in contemporary American organbuilding. Martin Pasi gave an intriguing presentatation on a new dual-temperament organ in the Omaha Cathedral at the first annual EROI Festival in Rochester. I had arranged for a demonstration on pipe making to the Eastman organ studio and vividly remember Martin as being incapable of allowing even a throwaway demo pipe to sound anything less than beautiful.

In January 2006, I was happy to lead an archdiocesan organ committee charged with procuring a new world-class instrument for the Co-Cathedral. We began by reviewing the fine organs in sister cathedrals in larger cities—New York, Los Angeles, and Chicago—and U.S. cathedrals where great pipe organs have emerged, and with them, a tradition of fine sacred music.

Our situation was somewhat challenging, in that the Resurrection Window, planned long before the instrument, is placed in the middle of the organ. This could have eliminated the possibility of a mechanical-action instrument. Enter the extraordinary Martin Pasi and his firm, Pasi Organ Builders, Inc. To accommodate the window, they implemented a dual-action system, mechanical and electro-mechanical. This success speaks for itself, in a thrill for both the player and numerous audience members. 

The firm’s nineteenth instrument is their largest to date and their first four-manual organ. It contains such luxuries as a free-reed Clarinette and a set of horizontal trumpets in a tribute to the Hispanic heritage of the Archdiocese of Galveston-Houston. This organ accompanies the liturgy in a modern way, inspired by historic traditions of 17th-century north and south Germany, Italy, Spain, and 17th- to 19th-century France. Moreover, this versatile instrument, eclectic without compromise, has proven to blend beautifully with orchestral instruments and to render well choral accompaniments of the English tradition.   

Many people deserve thanks. Hearty congratulations to Martin Pasi and his  associates at Pasi Organ Builders. His Eminence Daniel Cardinal DiNardo, Archbishop Joseph A. Fiorenza, and Auxiliary Bishop Vincent M. Rizzotto were all key, as well as Fayez Sarofim and the Brown Foundation and their gift to Houston. Zeigler Cooper Architects and Linbeck Construction were invaluable. As consultant, Robert Bates contributed at all phases, continuing with the ongoing lunchtime recital series, and national conferences. Pastor and rector, The Very Reverend Lawrence W. Jozwiak has been immensely helpful, as was the organ dedication committee chaired by John Burchfield, and the many who contributed program funds.  

—Crista Miller 

Chair, Organ Selection Committee

Director of Music and Organist

 

Letter from Daniel Cardinal DiNardo in the dedication program booklet

From my days as a child, hearing the great von Beckerath organ at St. Paul Cathedral in Pittsburgh, to hearing today the opus XIX organ hand-crafted by Martin Pasi and Associates for the Co-Cathedral of the Sacred Heart, I have recognized and appreciated the importance of a good pipe organ to serve the liturgical music needs of the Church. But, this is not merely a personal observation. The Second Vatican Council’s Constitution on the Sacred Liturgy attests: 

 

In the Latin Church the pipe organ is to be held in high esteem, for it is the traditional musical instrument that adds a wonderful splendor to the Church’s ceremonies and powerfully lifts up the spirit to God and higher things. (Sacrosanctum concilium, 120) 

 

In 2006 our organ committee was reviewing and approving plans for the new pipe organ in Sacred Heart Co-Cathedral. At that time, I specifically requested that the organ be capable of serving three essential purposes: 1) Accompany the people’s singing at the Mass and rites of the church; 2) Provide choral accompaniment; and 3) Play traditional and classical organ repertoire. These purposes are recapitulated by the Bishops of the United States in their recent instruction on sacred music highlighting the use of the organ: 

 

Among all other instruments which are suitable for divine worship, the organ is “accorded pride of place” because of its capacity to sustain the singing of a large gathered assembly, due to both its size and its ability to give “resonance to the fullness of human sentiments, from joy to sadness, from praise to lamentation . . .” In addition to its ability to lead and sustain congregational singing, the sound of the pipe organ is most suited for solo playing of sacred music in the Liturgy at appropriate moments. Pipe organs also play an important evangelical role in the Church’s outreach to the wider community in sacred concerts, music series, and other musical and cultural programs. For all of these reasons, the place of the organ should be taken into account from the outset in the planning process for the building or renovation of churches. (Sing to the Lord: Music in Divine Worship, 87–88).

For all of these reasons, the opus XIX pipe organ was commissioned. And, now, we celebrate its completion and inaugurate it on its profound mission. It is my sincere hope and prayer that this pipe organ will, indeed, lift all of our minds to God and higher things: through sustained congregational singing; through the accompaniment of our choirs; and through the concerts, which invite members of our wider community into the Church to experience the immensity and magnificence of God through the mysterious and powerful musical sentiments expressed by this organ. 

I want to sincerely thank Rev. Lawrence W. Jozwiak, the rector of the co-cathedral, the organ committee, and all who have made this magnificent instrument a reality. And I thank all of you for your continued prayers and blessings upon the Church in the Archdiocese of Galveston-Houston.

—Daniel Cardinal DiNardo

Archbishop of Galveston-Houston

 

Pasi Organ Builders, Opus 19

Four manuals, 76 stops

GREAT II

16′ Principal

8′ Praestant

8′ Spitzfloete

8′ Harmonic Flute

8′ Gamba

6′ Quinte

4′ Octave

4′ Nachthorn

3′ Quinte

2′ Octave

13⁄5′ Terz

8′ Cornet V (c1)

2′ Mixture V

22⁄3′ Rauschpfeife IV

16′ Trumpet

8′ Trumpet

8′ Trompette

4′ Clairon

POSITIVE III

16′ Quintadena

8′ Praestant

8′ Gedeckt

8′ Salicional

8′ Suavial (g)

4′ Octave

4′ Rohrfloete

3′ Nazard

3′ Sesquialtera II

2′ Octave

2′ Gemshorn

13⁄5′ Tierce

11⁄3′ Larigot

1′ Scharff IV

16′ Dulzian

8′ Cromorne

8′ Trumpet

8′ Trechterregal

SWELL IV

16′ Bourdon

8′ Praestant

8′ Viola

8′ Celeste

8′ Rohrfloete

4′ Octave

4′ Harm. Flute

4′ Violetta

31⁄5′ Gross Tierce

22⁄3′ Nazard

2′ Octave

2′ Octavin

13⁄5′ Tierce

1′ Flageolet

2′ Mixture V 

16′ Bassoon

8′ Trompette

8′ Oboe

4′ Clairon

8′ Voix Humaine

GRAND CHOIR I

32′ Principal

16′ Praestant

16′ Violone

16′ Bourdon

8′ Octave

8′ Flute

4′ Octave

3′ Plein Jeu Harmonique III–V+

16′ Posaune 

16′ Bombarde 

8′ Trompette 

8′ Trumpet 

8′ Clarinette 

4′ Schalmay 

8′ Trompeta

4–16′ Trompeta

+Grand Choir only

PEDAL

32′ Principal 

16′ Praestant

16′ Violone

16′ Bourdon

8′ Octave

8′ Flute

4′ Octave

4′ Mixtur VI*

32′ Bombarde* 

32′ Trombone* 

16′ Posaune 

16′ Bombarde 

8′ Trompette 

8′ Trumpet 

8′ Clarinette 

4′ Schalmay 

2′ Cornet*

8′ Trompeta

* Pedal only

Zimbelstern (seven rotating bells)

Separate tremulants for the Great and Positive divisions, one normal and one Voix Humaine tremulant for the Swell division.

Normal mechanical-action unison couplers.

Optional electric-assist couplers to the Great, Positive, and Pedal.

Electric-assist couplers to the Grand Choir, and for all Octave Graves.

Electric stop action; 18 general and 38 divisional pistons on 2,750 levels of memory.

Wind system: twin blowers producing pressures ranging between 80 and 120 mm.

Three double-rise bellows for the Swell, Grand Choir and Pedal divisions. Two Baroque wedge bellows for the Great and Positive divisions.

Janet Anuta Dalquist

Janet Anuta Dalquist holds degrees from Macalester College, McCormick Theological Seminary, and the University of Michigan. She began playing for church services at the age of 12, served as a substitute organist in various churches from 1956–1988, and in 1989 was appointed organist at Portage Lake United Church (UPUSA/UCC), Houghton, Michigan. She retired from Portage Lake Church in May 2011, and continues as a substitute organist. She is a co-founder of the Organists of the Keweenaw and holds memberships in the AGO, PAM, ALCM, OHS, and the Hymn Society. As a professional academic librarian, she served as director of the Suomi College (now Finlandia University) library from 1968 to 1984 and as collection manager of the J. Robert Van Pelt Library at Michigan Technological University in Houghton from 1984 to 1994. The author thanks James Lauck for providing information about his work and her son David Dalquist for “tweaking” the photos up to an acceptable publishing standard.

The Keweenaw (the Copper Country) of Michigan’s Upper Peninsula has seen a change in their functioning pipe organs. Since the catalog of the Keweenaw organs was published (The Diapason, February 2007¹), two of the organs have been dismantled and removed from the area. However, the Barckhoff organ (The Diapason, October 2009²) added to the count, and one instrument, the ca. 1900 Felgemaker organ, has been moved.

The A. B. Felgemaker had been built in 1882 for a Lutheran church in Manitowoc, Wisconsin. The organ was moved to St. Cecilia’s Catholic Church in Hubbell, Michigan sometime after 1905. After they learned that St. Cecilia’s was to close in October 2007, the Organists of Keweenaw played a recital in the church in August 2007. There was an ongoing discussion among the Upper Peninsula’s Catholic clergy and organists that the instrument should remain within the Marquette Diocese. The organ lay dormant until 2011.

In Houghton, a student Catholic church grew out of a very active Newman Club, which had first organized in 1946.  St. Albert the Great Parish was established in 1963 and, with the exception of the priest, is maintained and “run” by student residents. The parish boasts almost 1,000 members.  

In 2011, with approval of Bishop Alex Sample, St. Albert’s priest, Father Al Mott, and organist John Ignatowski of St. Joseph and St. Patrick Parish of Escanaba, dismantled the St. Cecilia Felgemaker and moved it to St. Albert’s. Assistance was sought from organbuilder James Lauck of Otsego, Michigan. It should be mentioned that Ignatowski had experience in moving and building an organ of his own. 

The organ reservoir, keyboards, pedalboard and all the wooden pipes were sent to the Lauck shop. There, according to Lauck, “We rebuilt all of that equipment and repacked the stoppers on all of the wooden pipes. [On the very badly worn pedalboard] new walnut caps were made for the sharps and new maple key tops were made for the natural keys, all according to the original specifications. The reservoir was rebuilt and releathered. At some point, probably when the organ had an electric blower installed 90 or 100 years ago, the hand-pumped feeder bellows were removed from the reservoir and discarded. We built a new feeder bellows and pump handle and restored the winding system to the original form. . . . The keyboards were rebuilt, and a new knee panel directly above the pedalboard was new, made to exactly match the other woodwork of the case, [and] a new blower was installed.”

According to Lauck, the Felgemaker had probably been electrified when it was moved from the Wisconsin church to St. Cecilia’s. The casework did not fit right, according to Lauck, because it had not been made for that church. Further, it had been varnished a dark brown color, which was not the original finish. At St. Albert’s, Father Mott’s mother, Jan, stripped the wood down to its original white oak and refinished the entire casework. In keeping with the Copper Country history, the façade pipes are painted copper.  

The Keweenaw has fifteen working pipe organs, most dating from the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Five are trackers, four of which retain hand pumps. Having played the last recital on the Felgemaker in August 2007, members of the Organists of Keweenaw played a recital again on the newly placed instrument on April 22.  

The stoplist:

 

St. Albert the Great Roman Catholic Church, Houghton, Michigan

A. B. Felgemaker, Erie, Pennsylvania, ca. 1882, 2011 

Placement: loft, rear of sanctuary

GREAT

16′ Bourdon

8′ Open Diapason

8′ Flute

8′ Dulciana

4′ Octave

2′ Super Octave

Bellows Signal

SWELL

8′ Diapason

8′ Viola

8′ Aolina

4′ Flute Harmonique

8′ Oboe

PEDAL

16′ Bourdon

Couplers

Swell to Great

Swell to Pedal

Great to Pedal

 

Swell pedal

Piano combination pedal

Forte combination pedal

Tremolo

780 pipes

 

 

 

A. David Moore, Inc., 

North Pomfret, Vermont

All Hallows’ Parish, Davidsonville, Maryland

 

From the builder

Designing an organ for All Hallows’ Church involved some unique challenges for its builder. The small brick building dates to 1734, and was gutted by fire in 1940. Rebuilt much as it was (without the Victorian alterations), the original walls and brick floor were retained. It seems that until 2010, the parish never owned a pipe organ.

The decision to place the organ on the left side of the chancel included the requests that the casework be no taller than the altar window, that the instrument be no larger than the sacristy in the opposite corner, and that the case was to “fit” the furnishings of the room. Thus, the back and left sides of the organ are against the walls, and maintenance can be done only through the front and right side of the main case. The detached console and Positiv division are one unit, adjacent to the case front, and facing the choir on the other side of the nave. Three flats of Open Diapason and Principal basses face the congregation, and the side contains two flats of Open Diapason basses, one of which is in a door that can be opened for Great and Pedal tuning. Those offset basses are operated by a remote assisting mechanism in which a small amount of air travels down a 5/16″ diameter tube that feeds a small wedge bellows and valve below each pipe.

The Great is on a C and C# chest, with the smallest pipes in the middle. The Positiv is played from the upper keyboard; the chromatic chest is at floor level; and the pipes are tuned by removing a grille on the top of the case. The manual keys are suspended, with a backfall system that pulls up the Positiv pallets; angled trackers and a rollerboard operate the Great pallets. The Positiv stop knobs are in the console and the Great knobs project from the main case on the organist’s left. The basswood tables of the chests will not split; the sliders are of quarter-sawn maple; the slider seals are of Neoprene; there is no plywood in the organ; the wind pressure is almost two inches; and the temperament is Kirnberger III.

Though the acoustics are quite good and the sound of the organ is focused by a curved ceiling, there is a slight “flutter echo” heard by a listener in the center of the room. The maple case is of wood harvested on the Moore farm in North Pomfret, Vermont, and sawn on location by a Wood-mizer band sawmill. There are no carvings on the case, but some subtle ornamentation appears at the tops of the pipe flats. The cornice of the case was copied from the 18th-century American case in Old North Church, Boston, and the All Hallows’ sacristy cornice was changed to match it.  

In the Great, the metal pipes are 28% tin and 72% lead, with small amounts of copper, antimony, and bismuth; the metal was cast from old organ pipes. The 8′, 4′, 22⁄3′, 2′, and 13⁄5′ ranks are close to Hook pipe scales, and have fairly low cutups and moderate nicking. The Holpipe is a metal chimney flute, and has 12 stopped wood basses; a new Haskell bass serves the Viol; and the Hautboy is an exact copy of a Hook stop. The Positiv Stop’d Diapason is of wood, small in scale but with a good fundamental tone, and is copied from a Geo. S. Hutchings stop; the Flute is of stopped and open wood and has metal trebles; the Fifteenth has 24 Claribel-style open wood basses and metal trebles. The German scales for the Dulcian are a composite, and there are half-length resonators in the lowest octave. The basses have wood blocks and shallots made in one piece, and the dimensions for the shallot openings, bores, tapers, and inside resonator diameters are close to 18th-century North European practice. The use of wood for a shallot avoids the need for lead or leather facings. In terms of hardness, the wood is somewhere between lead or brass and a leathered surface, and the brass tongues are fairly wide and thick. Long tuning wires are labeled on the tops and are easily reached.

The installation of A. D. Moore’s Opus 34 was enjoyable, and there were many trips to Davidsonville for installation, final voicing, and tuning. The crew of builders—A. David Moore, Tom Bowen, John Atwood, and Lubbert Gnodde—stayed with Jan and Mike Power. Mike Menne is the organist at All Hallows’, and collaborated on the organ’s specification. Mr. Gnodde played the dedicatory recital on November 7, 2010, which included works by Alain, Bach, Sweelinck, Scheidemann, Buxtehude, Mendelssohn, Couperin, Langlais, and the “Flower Duet” from Lakmé by Léo Delibes, featuring Sharon Potts and Laurie Hays, sopranos.

—E. A. Boadway and A. David Moore

 

From the organist

All Hallows’ Parish, also known as South River Parish, is one of the original parishes established by Act of the General Assembly of the Province of Maryland in 1692. As a worshiping community, it existed as early as 1650, with its first written record that of the birth of Thomas Chaney on 1 March 1669. The original church building, now lost, was probably of timber construction, and either burned or deteriorated to the extent that a new building, at a new site, was constructed, with the aid of a levy of 20,000 pounds of tobacco, around 1727–1730. The church bell, in a separate wooden tower, bears the inscription “Belonging to St. All Hallows’ Church 1727” and was probably provided by Queen Anne’s Bounty. 

The 1727 building, still in use, is a modest brick, hipped-roof building, just under 30 by 60 feet. There are no records extant that show the original seating plan of the building, but in the 19th century a small balcony was taken down (probably originally for the use of some of the 200 slaves who had been baptized by the second rector), and at least twice remodeled in the Victorian taste of the times, with heavy dark wood furnishings, stained glass, and slip pews.

The church was nearly lost on 11 February 1940 when a disastrous fire broke out about an hour after a service, destroying everything but the brick walls. For the rebuilding, it was decided to return the building to the look and feel of the early 18th century with white walls, white box pews, and clear glass windows. 

There is no record of any pipe organ during the building’s first 280 years, so any description of musical accompaniment before the fire is purely conjectural. After the restoration, a series of electronic instruments was installed in the front of the room. When a new rector arrived in 2000, he hired his friend James Weaver, Curator of the Division of Musical Instruments at the Smithsonian and co-founder of the Smithsonian Chamber Players, to come to the parish and revive a flagging music program and small choir of willing and enthusiastic singers. During his tenure, Weaver established a high level of musical expectation but hesitated to begin a project to replace the dreary electronic. When he left to pursue other projects and I arrived, enthusiasm to begin an organ project was high and the process began.

Early on, it was determined that (1) the organ would have mechanical action, (2) it would be tonally appropriate to the age of the building, (3) it would be visually designed so as not to overwhelm the scale and balance of the architecture, and (4) the primary visual focus at the front of the room would continue to be the triple window behind the altar. The restoration of the early 1940s had created two large closets in the front corners of the building. One was used as a tiny sacristy, the other as storage and placement for the bass speaker cabinets of the organ. It was determined that the organ would be placed where the sacristy had been, and the sacristy moved to the other side. The Altar Guild was quite pleased, as they had improved facilities and more extensive storage. 

A number of organbuilders were consulted, both from the U.S. and abroad, in our search for a builder. Almost every builder proposed an instrument that would be the dominant visual focus in the room. Some of them were tonally based on no more than an 8′ flute. David Moore, recommended by St. Margaret’s Convent in Boston and United Church on the Green, New Haven, was the only one who demonstrated an enthusiasm to work within our constraints.

As the organ and case design progressed, David proposed a novel solution: place the console at right angles to the main case and put the second manual pipes in the console in the manner of a continuo. In that manner, the main case could be lowered to match the sacristy on the other side, maintaining the Georgian balance of the church interior, while providing the tonal resources we needed. It also made it possible for the organist to face the choir directly across the chancel, with excellent sight lines.

The tonal design had three major objectives: (1) to provide leadership for congregational singing, (2) to accompany a wide variety of choral music, and (3) within its modest resources, to play as wide a spectrum of organ music as possible. 

Early in the planning stages, it was determined that the foundation would be an 8′ Principal, with both an 8′ flute and string to provide solid unison tone. A full diapason chorus, including 22⁄3, would be included, but the modest size of the building made the inclusion of a mixture unnecessary. The suggestion of a Hook-style Oboe as the Great reed was inspired! We insisted on a Tierce as well, for both solo color and ensemble brilliance. Having used a continuo for a year and a half before the instrument was installed, a similar tonal scheme of 8′, 4′, and 2′ for the second manual seemed natural. David suggested a Dulcian to round out the resources of that manual, adding significantly to the color possibilities of the instrument.

The organ has proved a tremendous success. Visually, it slips effortlessly into its corner of the building. The three pipe flats of the case front echo the semi-circular arches of the tripartite east window, repeated in pipe flats on the case side. The most oft-repeated comment from parishioners was “It looks like it’s always been there!” It was decided to use the natural darker grey of lead/tin pipe metal in the display pipes rather than shiny tin to minimize visual distraction from the altar. The wood façade pipes of the 8′ flute of the second manual are painted white to match the case. Many people don’t realize they are pipes at all until they see the mouths near the floor! The use of removable slatted grilles at the top of the second manual case allows for both good tonal egress and tuning ease. 

Musically the organ has been a huge success. The modest stoplist of 13 registers, with two reeds, two mutations, and four unison flue ranks lends itself to performing a wide spectrum of music. Though much of the instrument is inspired by 19th-century American organbuilding, early music sounds extremely convincing. Bach sounds very convincing, Sweelinck variations show off varieties of tonal color, the Dulcian can sound like a Renaissance consort when used by itself but becomes a chameleon when combined with one or both of the Positiv flutes. The Hautboy functions as a ‘petit trompette’, smooth in the treble and bolder in the bass. It serves as a very attractive solo stop, but when combined with the principals, becomes bold and assertive. Add the Twelfth and Tierce and it becomes a fiery French Grand Jeu. The solid foundation tone makes the instrument an excellent vehicle for Mendelssohn, and the Viol, both alone and with the Holpipe, provides softer sounds. There is sufficient tonal variety for stirring hymn singing as well as accompaniment of Anglican choral music. 

In addition to a performance by the young Dutchman from David Moore’s shop, Lubbert Gnodde, further recitals in the inaugural series were presented by Mark Brombaugh, Bryan Mock, and myself, with repertoire ranging from late Medieval to William Albright. 

The instrument continues to serve as proof that a real pipe organ is within the realm of possibility for a small parish, and that it can provide more musical satisfaction than an electronic with a plethora of digital gadgets and twice as many stops.

—Michael Menne

 

Cover photo: Sabine Joyce

 

GREAT (I) 56 keys, CCРg3

8′ Open Diapason

8′ Holpipe

8′ Viol

4′ Principal

22⁄3′ Twelfth

2′ Fifteenth

13⁄5′ Tierce

8′ Hautboy

POSITIV (II) 56 keys, CCРg3

8′ Stop’d Diapason

4′ Flute

2′ Fifteenth

8′ Dulcian

PEDAL 30 keys, CCРg3

16′ Bourdon

 

Couplers

I–P

II–P

II–I